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Chapter 8 – Toxicology
Toxicology
the study of the adverse effects of chemicals
   or physical agents on living organisms
Mathieu Orfila –father of toxicology
Forensic Toxicology
Postmortem—medical examiner or coroner

Criminal—motor vehicle accidents

Workplace—drug testing

Sports—human and animal

Environment—industrial, air, water, soil catastrophic, terrorism

Consumer – foods, cosmetics, over the counter drugs
Why we need forensics
       toxicologists
Death unattended by a physician or occurring under
violent, unusual or sudden unexplained conditions
happens in approximately 20% of the population and
requires a medical/legal investigation
Forensic Toxicologist
☠ Determines if the toxin
   ☠ Caused the death – a lethal dose
   ☠ Contributed to death
   ☠ Caused impairment
   ☠ Explains behavior
If poison is suspected first step would be to take a
blood sample

Homicide poisoning mimics medical situations, a heart
attack or diabetic coma. This makes determining the
cause of death difficult.
Things to consider
Dosage

Chemical or physical form of the substance

Mode of entry into the body

Body weight and physiological conditions of the victim,
   including age and sex

Time period of exposure

Presence of other chemicals in the body or in the dose
Toxicology Terms
Time of exposure
   Chronic exposure – long period of time
   Acute toxicity – immediate effects

Other chemicals/drugs in body
   Synergism – combination exceeds individual effects
   Antagonism – combination decreases individual effects

Chelating agent – cancels out the poison - antidote
Toxicity Classification
To Prove a Case
Prove a crime was committed

Motive

Intent

Access to poison

Access to victim

Death was homicidal

Death was caused by poison
Forensic Autopsy
Look for:
        Irritated tissues
        Characteristic odors
        Mees lines—single transverse white bands on nails
Order toxicological screens
        Postmortem concentrations should be done at the scene for
        comparison.
        No realistic calculation of dose can be made from a single
        measurement.
Chapter 8
Used for Analysis

Blood                    Liver tissue

Urine                    Brain tissue

Vitreous humor of eyes   Kidney tissue

Bile                     Hair/nails

Gastric contents
Types of Poisoning
 Arsenic

 Cyanide

 Carbon Monoxide

 Ricin

 Lead Poisoning

 Mercury Poisoning
Arsenic
Claimed most victims

No odor, no taste

Fount in insecticides, pesticides and paints

Inhaled or swallowed – more than 90% absorbed into
blood
Cyanide
Rapid acting – kills in minutes

Used in photo processing

Colorless gas

Stops cellular respiration and ATP synthesis
   Cells cant use oxygen
Carbon Monoxide
Colorless, odorless, tasteless

Faulty heating systems, car exhaust, fires

Absorbed through lungs
Ricin
Twice as deadly as cobra venom, two-tenths of a
milligram is a lethal dose.

Protein

Inhaled, injected, ingested

Potential terrorist – Al Queda

Death 36 – 72 hrs
Lead Poisoning
Lead compounds not highly poisonous, but chronic
exposure can lead to health problems

Lead based paints – banned in ’78

Tastes sweet

Still 38 million houses with lead paint
Mercury Poisoning
    odorless, colorless, and tasteless
    Disturbances in sensations ("pins and needles" feelings,
    numbness) usually in the hands feet and sometimes around
    the mouth
    Lack of coordination of movements
    Impairment of speech, hearing, walking
    Muscle weakness, skin rashes, mood swing

Amalgam dental fillings
consume mercury-contaminated fish
exposed to spilled mercury
Alcohol
Alcohol appears in blood within minutes of consumption; 30–90
    minutes for full absorption
About 5 percent is excreted unchanged in breath, perspiration, and
   urine
Rate of absorption                     Signs of Alcohol Poisoning
    Amount of alcohol consumed
                                           Cold, clammy, pale, or bluish skin
    The alcohol content of
         the beverage                      Unconscious
    Time taken to consume it               Slow or irregular breathing
                                           Puking repeatedly or uncontrollably
    Quantity and type of food
        present in the stomach
    Physiology of the consumer
BAC – Blood Alcohol Content
Expressed as percent weight per volume of blood

Legal limit in all states is 0.08 percent

Burn-off rate of 0.015 percent per hour, but can vary
Henry’s Law
When a volatile chemical is dissolved in a liquid and is
  brought to equilibrium with air, there is a fixed ratio
  between the concentration of the volatile compound in
  the air and its concentration in the liquid; this ratio is
  constant for a given temperature.

THEREFORE, the concentration of alcohol in breath is
  proportional to that in the blood.

1 ml of blood will contain nearly the same amount of
   alcohol as 2,100 ml of breath.
Breathalyzer
Collects and measures alcohol content of breath

Breath sample mixes with 3 ml of 0.025 percent K2Cr2O7 in sulfuric
   acid and water:
   2K2Cr2O7 +3C2H5OH + 8H2SO4 → 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 3CH3COOH + 11H2O

Potassium dichromate is yellow; as concentration decreases, its light
   absorption diminishes, so the breathalyzer indirectly measures
   alcohol concentration by measuring light absorption of
   potassium dichromate before and after the reaction with
   alcohol.

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Chapter 8

  • 1. Chapter 8 – Toxicology
  • 2. Toxicology the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms Mathieu Orfila –father of toxicology
  • 3. Forensic Toxicology Postmortem—medical examiner or coroner Criminal—motor vehicle accidents Workplace—drug testing Sports—human and animal Environment—industrial, air, water, soil catastrophic, terrorism Consumer – foods, cosmetics, over the counter drugs
  • 4. Why we need forensics toxicologists Death unattended by a physician or occurring under violent, unusual or sudden unexplained conditions happens in approximately 20% of the population and requires a medical/legal investigation
  • 5. Forensic Toxicologist ☠ Determines if the toxin ☠ Caused the death – a lethal dose ☠ Contributed to death ☠ Caused impairment ☠ Explains behavior
  • 6. If poison is suspected first step would be to take a blood sample Homicide poisoning mimics medical situations, a heart attack or diabetic coma. This makes determining the cause of death difficult.
  • 7. Things to consider Dosage Chemical or physical form of the substance Mode of entry into the body Body weight and physiological conditions of the victim, including age and sex Time period of exposure Presence of other chemicals in the body or in the dose
  • 8. Toxicology Terms Time of exposure Chronic exposure – long period of time Acute toxicity – immediate effects Other chemicals/drugs in body Synergism – combination exceeds individual effects Antagonism – combination decreases individual effects Chelating agent – cancels out the poison - antidote
  • 10. To Prove a Case Prove a crime was committed Motive Intent Access to poison Access to victim Death was homicidal Death was caused by poison
  • 11. Forensic Autopsy Look for: Irritated tissues Characteristic odors Mees lines—single transverse white bands on nails Order toxicological screens Postmortem concentrations should be done at the scene for comparison. No realistic calculation of dose can be made from a single measurement.
  • 13. Used for Analysis Blood Liver tissue Urine Brain tissue Vitreous humor of eyes Kidney tissue Bile Hair/nails Gastric contents
  • 14. Types of Poisoning  Arsenic  Cyanide  Carbon Monoxide  Ricin  Lead Poisoning  Mercury Poisoning
  • 15. Arsenic Claimed most victims No odor, no taste Fount in insecticides, pesticides and paints Inhaled or swallowed – more than 90% absorbed into blood
  • 16. Cyanide Rapid acting – kills in minutes Used in photo processing Colorless gas Stops cellular respiration and ATP synthesis Cells cant use oxygen
  • 17. Carbon Monoxide Colorless, odorless, tasteless Faulty heating systems, car exhaust, fires Absorbed through lungs
  • 18. Ricin Twice as deadly as cobra venom, two-tenths of a milligram is a lethal dose. Protein Inhaled, injected, ingested Potential terrorist – Al Queda Death 36 – 72 hrs
  • 19. Lead Poisoning Lead compounds not highly poisonous, but chronic exposure can lead to health problems Lead based paints – banned in ’78 Tastes sweet Still 38 million houses with lead paint
  • 20. Mercury Poisoning odorless, colorless, and tasteless Disturbances in sensations ("pins and needles" feelings, numbness) usually in the hands feet and sometimes around the mouth Lack of coordination of movements Impairment of speech, hearing, walking Muscle weakness, skin rashes, mood swing Amalgam dental fillings consume mercury-contaminated fish exposed to spilled mercury
  • 21. Alcohol Alcohol appears in blood within minutes of consumption; 30–90 minutes for full absorption About 5 percent is excreted unchanged in breath, perspiration, and urine Rate of absorption Signs of Alcohol Poisoning Amount of alcohol consumed Cold, clammy, pale, or bluish skin The alcohol content of the beverage Unconscious Time taken to consume it Slow or irregular breathing Puking repeatedly or uncontrollably Quantity and type of food present in the stomach Physiology of the consumer
  • 22. BAC – Blood Alcohol Content Expressed as percent weight per volume of blood Legal limit in all states is 0.08 percent Burn-off rate of 0.015 percent per hour, but can vary
  • 23. Henry’s Law When a volatile chemical is dissolved in a liquid and is brought to equilibrium with air, there is a fixed ratio between the concentration of the volatile compound in the air and its concentration in the liquid; this ratio is constant for a given temperature. THEREFORE, the concentration of alcohol in breath is proportional to that in the blood. 1 ml of blood will contain nearly the same amount of alcohol as 2,100 ml of breath.
  • 24. Breathalyzer Collects and measures alcohol content of breath Breath sample mixes with 3 ml of 0.025 percent K2Cr2O7 in sulfuric acid and water: 2K2Cr2O7 +3C2H5OH + 8H2SO4 → 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 3CH3COOH + 11H2O Potassium dichromate is yellow; as concentration decreases, its light absorption diminishes, so the breathalyzer indirectly measures alcohol concentration by measuring light absorption of potassium dichromate before and after the reaction with alcohol.

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Read small box on page 210
  2. Poisoning accounts for less than 10% of homicides – many go undetected due to the difficulty Involves passionate and vengeful murder – requires planning and premeditation