3. What is How does How may we
HIV : AIDS get infected by
HIV : AIDS infects us? HIV : AIDS
How can we
Prevent Symptoms of Detection of
HIV : AIDS HIV : AIDS
HIV : AIDS
Superstitions Medical
HIV : AIDS
AIDS treatments
patients tips
awareness for HIV : AIDS
Conclusion

4. About Aids
How it is Caused What is AIDS?
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
How it is Spread An HIV-positive person receives an AIDS diagnosis after developing one of the CDC
-defined AIDS indicator illnesses. An HIV-positive person can also receive an AIDS diagnosis on
How to prevent
the basis of certain blood tests (CD4 counts) and may not have experienced any serious illnesses.
Symptoms A positive HIV test does not mean that a person has AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a
physician according to the CDC AIDS Case Definition. Learn more
Detections
What is the Difference Between HIV and AIDS?
Superstitions
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
Medical treatment H-Human: because this virus can only infect human beings.
I-Immuno-deficiency: because the effect of the virus is to create a deficiency, a failure to work
Patient Care properly, within the body’s immune system.
V-Virus: because this organism is a virus, which means one of its characteristics is that it is
Conclusion incapable of reproducing by itself. It reproduces by taking over the machinery of the human cell.
Start End
A-Acquired: because it’s a condition one must acquire or get infected with; not something
transmitted through the genes.
I-Immune: because it affects the body’s immune system, the part of the body which usually works
to fight off germs such as bacteria and viruses.
D-Deficiency: because it makes the immune system deficient (makes it not work properly).
S-Syndrome: because someone with AIDS may experience a wide range of different diseases and
opportunistic infections.

5. About Aids
How it is Caused More about HIV : AIDS
How it is Spread AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome .AIDS is caused by HIV, a very fragile RNA type of
retrovirus, which like any other micro-organism lives inside the living cells of the body. Outside body it doesn’t
How to prevent survive for more than half an hour.
There are two types of HIV virus, i.e. HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is present all over the world and in India more
Symptoms than 80% people are affected by it. HIV-2 is mainly found in Africa and also present in India. Some people are
infected with both the viruses. People only infected with HIV-2 live longer than those infected with HIV-1 and
Detections chances of transmission of HIV-2 from mother to child are very rare.
.
Superstitions How long does it take
Medical treatment for HIV to cause AIDS?
Patient Care Currently, the average time between
HIV infection and the appearance of
Conclusion signs that could lead to an AIDS
diagnosis is 8-11 years.
This time varies greatly from person to
Start End person and can depend on many
factors including a person’s health
status and behaviors.
Today there are medical treatments
that can slow down the rate at which
HIV weakens the immune system.
There are other treatments that can
prevent or cure some of the illnesses
associated with AIDS.
As with other diseases, early detection
offers more options for treatment and
preventative health care..
Life Cycle of HIV : AIDS VIRUS

6. About Aids
How it is Caused What causes AIDS?
How it is Spread Over time, infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) can weaken the immune system to
the point that the system has difficulty fighting off certain infections. These types of infections are
How to prevent known as opportunistic infections. Many of the infections that cause problems or that can be life-
threatening for people with AIDS are usually controlled by a healthy immune system. The immune
Symptoms system of a person with AIDS has weakened to the point that medical intervention may be
necessary to prevent or treat serious illnesses..
Detections
Superstitions
Medical treatment
Patient Care
Conclusion
Start End

7. About Aids
How it is Caused How is HIV Transmitted?
How it is Spread HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another through:
•BLOOD (INCLUDING MENSTRUAL BLOOD)
How to prevent •SEMEN
•VAGINAL SECRETIONS
Symptoms •BREAST MILK
Blood contains the highest concentration of the virus, followed by semen, followed by vaginal
Detections fluids, followed by breast milk.
The following “bodily fluids” are NOT infectious: Saliva,Tears,Sweat,Faeces,Urine.
Superstitions
Medical treatment Activities That Allow HIV Transmission
•Unprotected sexual contact.
Patient Care • Direct blood contact, including cuts through used razors blades etc.
• Direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in health care
Conclusion settings or certain blood products.
•Mother to baby (before or during birth, or through breast milk).
Start End
Learn more

8. About Aids
How it is Caused How is HIV : AIDS Transmitted?
How it is Spread Activities That Allow HIV Transmission
Unprotected sexual contact
How to prevent Direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in health care
settings or certain blood products
Symptoms Mother to baby (before or during birth, or through breast milk)
Detections Sexual intercourse (vaginal and anal): In the genitals and the rectum, HIV may infect the mucous
membranes directly or enter through cuts and sores caused during intercourse (many of which
Superstitions would be unnoticed). Vaginal and anal intercourse is a high-risk practice.
Oral sex (mouth-penis, mouth-vagina): The mouth is an inhospitable environment for HIV (in
Medical treatment
semen, vaginal fluid or blood), meaning the risk of HIV transmission through the throat, gums, and
Patient Care oral membranes is lower than through vaginal or anal membranes. There are however,
documented cases where HIV was transmitted orally, so we can’t say that getting HIV-infected
Conclusion semen, vaginal fluid or blood in the mouth is without risk. However, oral sex is considered a low risk
practice.
Sharing injection needles: An injection needle can pass blood directly from one person’s
Start End bloodstream to another. It is a very efficient way to transmit a blood-borne virus. Sharing needles is
considered a high-risk practice.
Mother to Child: It is possible for an HIV-infected mother to pass the virus directly before or during
birth, or through breast milk. Breast milk contains HIV, and while small amounts of breast milk do
not pose significant threat of infection to adults, it is a viable means of transmission to infants.
The following “bodily fluids” are NOT infectious:
 Saliva
 Tears
 Sweat Can I get HIV from oral sex?
 Faeces There have been a few documented cases of HIV transmission through oral
 Urine. sex. While no one knows exactly what that risk is, cumulative evidence
indicates that The risk from receiving oral sex, for both a man and a woman, is
considered to be very low.
When performing oral sex on a woman (cunnilingus), moisture barriers such as
a dam (sheet of latex), a cut-open and flattened condom, or household plastic
wrap can reduce the risk of exposure to vaginal secretions and/or blood.

9. About Aids
How it is Caused How can be HIV : AIDS Prevented?
How it is Spread PRVENTION IS THE ONLY CURE FOR HIV / AIDS
Prevention is simple easy and the only answer we have got today unless we find some cure.
How to prevent HIV can be easily prevented by adopting simple measures such as:
Symptoms
Detections
Superstitions
Medical treatment
Patient Care
SAFE SEX: SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE RAZOR
Conclusion BLOOD: NEEDLES: PREGNENCY AND BLADE:
The only safe
sex is ‘no Judicious use Insist your
sex’; all other Before taking Never share
of blood and doctors and
Start End practices like use only nurses to use any major your shaving
masturbation, step in life blades with
pretested sterile or anyone and
cuddling, hug HIV free disposable like marriage
also ask your
ging, rubbing,
blood or needles and or having barber to use
sticking to one child
partner or blood instruments. properly
products. ascertain that cleansed razor
using condom you are HIV and new blade
if one cannot free.
avoid multiple during shaving
partners are or hair cut.
safer sex (Although the
risk of getting
practices.
infection from
a saloon is
minimal)

10. About Aids
How it is Caused What are the symptoms of HIV : AIDS ?
How it is Spread An HIV infected person initially looks normal and perfectly healthy. The symptoms of AIDS develop
after few years and include: -
How to prevent
Symptoms
Detections
Superstitions
Medical treatment
Patient Care
Conclusion
Start End
Long Unexplained Persistent Persistent White
standing, diarrhea ( cough ( for unexplained blotches in
unexplained for more more than 1 fatigue and the mouth
fever ( for than 1 month) weight loss or on tongue
more than 1 month) of more
month) than 5 kg
within short
period
Learn more

11. About Aids
How it is Caused 1.Opportunistic infections common in people with AIDS cause such symptoms as:
abdominal coma coughing extreme fatigue fever lack of
How it is Spread cramps coordination
nausea seizures severe shortness of sore throat sweats
How to prevent
headaches breath
Symptoms swollen lymph weight loss vision loss vomiting difficult or mental
glands painful symptoms
Detections swallowing such as
confusion and
Superstitions forgetfulness
Medical treatment mouth ulcers in pelvic persistent or persistent skin severe and swollen lymph
the genital inflammatory frequent yeast rashes or flaky persistent glands
Patient Care region disease infections (oral skin diarrhea
or vaginal)
Conclusion
2.as well as severe Herpes infections causing:
Start End Anal sores genital sores mouth sores Shingles, a painful nerve disease
3.Children with AIDS are prone to the same opportunistic infections as adults, but as well
experience severe forms of bacterial infections such as:
conjunctivitis ear infections tonsillitis delayed failure to
(pink eye) development thrive
4.AIDS sufferers commonly develop various cancers caused by viruses such as:
Cervical Cancer Kaposi's Sarcoma
5.Cancers of the immune system (lymphomas) which are more aggressive and difficult to treat in
AIDS sufferers and which appear in light-skinned people as:
round brown, reddish or purple spots which In dark-skinned people:
develop in the skin or in the mouth the spots are more pigmented

12. About Aids
How it is Caused How can be HIV : AIDS detected?
How it is Spread You can not tell by looking at person’s face whether he or she is infected with HIV. The
infected person looks perfectly healthy and feels well for years.
How to prevent
ELISA HIV: AIDS TEST
Symptoms
The infection can only be detected by doing a blood test i.e. ELISA HIV
Detections antibody test. If someone is found to be positive by ELISA and confirmed
by second test (done on different blood sample and by different method) the
person is said to be seropositive.
Superstitions
Medical treatment
SPOT RAPID HIV: AIDS TEST
Patient Care
This is simple rapid test for finding out the HIV status of a person in which
the result can be given to the patient within half an hour. Rarely there are
Conclusion chances of a false positive report and hence a positive report should be
confirmed by doing ELISA test.
Start End
WESTERN BLOT (WB) TEST
Specialized and costly confirmatory test for HIV. Done only to confirm a
positive ELISA or SPOT test report. Ever since the standard of ELISA and
SPOT test has improved the role of this test seems to be very little in
diagnosis of HIV infection.
CD4 AND VIRAL LOAD TESTING
Very costly tests and done only in those affording patients who are willing to
start anti-HIV (anti-retroviral) drugs.
It is mandatory to do pre-test and post-test counselling of all the patients
before and after the test respectively

13. About Aids
How it is Caused HIV : AIDS Various Superstitions
How it is Spread There is no risk of contracting HIV infection in daily routine activities and by casual contact
with HIV positive person.
How to prevent
AIDS virus is not transmitted through:
Symptoms
Detections
Superstitions
Medical treatment
Patient Care
Conclusion
Start End Embracing or kissing Touching hand Sharing bathroom or Coughing, saliva or
(social) shaking or hugging toilet sneezing
Eating together or Sharing clothes Mosquito bite, Insect Patient caring
sharing utensils bite or houseflies

14. About Aids
How it is Caused HIV : AIDS Medical Treatments
How it is Spread SPECIFIC ANTI-HIV TREATMENT:
How to prevent Many new anti-HIV drugs which prevent the spread of the virus and can postpone various
complications are now available at selected places in market and few of them are also
Symptoms
manufactured in India e.g. AZT, 3TC, D4T, Saquinavir, ddc, nevirapine etc. But these
Detections medicines are very costly and in India 90% of HIV patients cannot even think of them. One
year expenses of good combinations of these drugs and blood testing comes to around 1.5
Superstitions to 2.5 lacks. These medicines can prolong the life of the patient but not cure him.
Medical treatment
Patient Care
Conclusion
Start End

15. About Aids
How it is Caused HIV : AIDS Patients care
How it is Spread GENERAL CARE:
How to prevent •Sympathetic attitude, family and
public support
Symptoms
•Patient should be advised to take
Detections adequate rest and diet rich in proteins
and vitamins
Superstitions
•Patient should be advised not to
Medical treatment donate blood or organs
Patient Care •Patient should be advised to use
condom with any sexual partner
Conclusion
•As far as possible patient should
avoid eating outside food
Start End
•Patient should be encouraged to give
up all habits i.e. smoking, alcohol or
chewing pan or tobacco
•Patient should drink boiled water
•Patient should be advised to do regular exercise or yoga
•If patients follow above general care tips they can live 1-2 year longer.
SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT:
•Early treatment of common problems like fever, cough, diarrhea etc. from family doctor
•Early detection and treatment of opportunistic infections like TB etc.
Do and Don't

16. About Aids Dos and Do Nots
How it is Caused When dealing with a person living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) the bottom line is that you must treat them , the way out
would like to be treated if you were infected with HIV.
How it is Spread DOs: DON’TS:
1.Sympathies and empathies with them 1.Don’t accuse them for getting infected, it doesn’t help
How to prevent
2.Provide them family and social support 2.Don’t try to probe into when, where the person was
infected
Symptoms 3.Allow them to be a part of the family as he / she was
prior to disclosure of the infection 3.Don’t make them feel guilty
Detections 4.Allow them to get back to their work as soon as soon as 4.Don’t isolate them in their home / workplace
he / she is physically fit, since HIV infection doesn’t require
5.Don’t separate them from spouse or children, since they
Superstitions special rest are the best support for them. It is important for them to
5.Keep them engaged in some activity, as an empty mind is spend quality family time together
Medical treatment a devil’s workshop 6.Don’t use gloves in feeding the infected person or to wipe
6.Make efforts to reduce their stress off his saliva, sweat, nasal secretions and tears
Patient Care 7.Encourage them to exercise and meditate as these help 7.Don’t share razors, tooth brush and other sharp objects
prolong the life span with infected person or for that matter with any body else
Conclusion 8.Provide them with a high protein, high vitamin diet and 8.It is not necessary to wash their clothes separately
clean potable water (boiled) 9.Don’t disclose the HIV status of infected person to
9.Convince them to stop all addictions such as tobacco friends, employer and insurance company
Start End cigarettes, alcohol or other psychotropic / recreational 10.Don’t humiliate the infected person, his / her spouse or
drugs children
10.Register them with a health care facility for regular 11.Don’t scare them of suffering and death. In the terminal
checks and follow up stage, prepare them for a smooth journey to death
11.Take immediate steps to treat even minor ailments. 12.Don’t get conned by the fake claims, false cures, witch
However, it is not necessary to disclose their HIV status to hunters and faith healers. Wait for declaration of the noble
their family physician prize for the real cure
12.Dispose off blood stained tampons and bandages 13.Don’t spend the entire available money limit in the first
properly, either by flushing or by disinfecting them first bout of illness, it may be the first of such illnesses in the
with detergent pipeline. Make a proper planning of your spending
13.Advice them to use safe sex (condoms) with their sex capability.
partner, even if partner is already HIV positive 14.Don’t take many relatives to see the patient admitted in
14.Purse them at any appropriate time, to make a will hospital
15.Provide foster care to their children 15.Don’t test for HIV repeatedly, once the presence of
infection is established it remains there forever
16.Help fight the discrimination meted out to them by
hospitals , doctors and employers
17.Educate family members and friends about HIV / AIDS, if
they already know the HIV status of the patient.

17. About Aids
How it is Caused HIV : AIDS Conclusion
How it is Spread Remember AIDS does not discriminate caste, creed, race, religion, educational or
social status. Prevention of AIDS is our joint responsibility. Education and
How to prevent awareness is the only weapon in our hand. Let us accept the challenge to fight
against AIDS. We must support and care for the people with HIV / AIDS with
Symptoms
compassion and understanding.
Detections
Superstitions
Medical treatment
Patient Care
Conclusion
Start End

18. E-Learning Project on HIV : AIDS awareness by Akash
Mukherjee
• R&D and Animation: Akash Mukherjee
• Class : 3rd Semester _ M.Sc. In Multimedia
• College : The Indian Institute of Digital Art and Animation