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Introduction to Genetic Engineering
 It is the direct manipulation of an
 organism’s genome using modern DNA
 technology … also called genetic
 modification

 A genome is the entirety of an organism’s
 hereditary information
 Glow-in-the-dark cats


  Venomous cabbage


 Web-spinning goats


  Less flatulent cows
 Scientists have recently taken the
  gene that programs poison in
  scorpion tails and looked for ways
  to combine it with cabbage. This
  would limit pesticide use while
  still preventing caterpillars from
  damaging cabbage crops. These
  genetically modified cabbages
  would produce scorpion poison
  that kills caterpillars when they
  bite leaves — but the toxin is
  modified so it isn’t harmful to
  humans.
 Agriculture research
 scientists at the
 University of Alberta
 have identified the
 bacterium
 responsible for
 producing methane
 and designed a line of
 cattle that creates 25
 percent less methane
 than the average cow.
 Researchers inserted a
 spiders’ dragline silk
 gene into the goats’
 DNA in such a way
 that the goats would
 make the silk protein
 only in their milk.
 This “silk milk” could
 then be used to
 manufacture a web-
 like material called
 Biosteel.
 In 2007, South Korean
 scientists altered a cat’s DNA
 to make it glow in the dark
 and then took that DNA and
 cloned other cats from it —
 creating a set of
 fluffy, fluorescent felines.
 The researchers took skin
 cells from Turkish Angora
 female cats and used a virus
 to insert genetic instructions
 for making red fluorescent
 protein.
Introduction to Genetic Engineering
Introduction to Genetic Engineering
 The term cloning describes a number of
 different processes that can be used to produce
 genetically identical copies of a biological
 entity.

 The copied material, which has the same
 genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as
 a clone.

 They occur naturally and artificially
 Gene Cloning: produces copies of genes or segments
 of DNA

 Reproductive Cloning: produces copies of whole
 animals

 Therapeutic Cloning: produces embryonic stem cells
 for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace
 injured or diseased tissues
 The procedure consists of inserting a gene from one
  organism, often referred to as "foreign DNA," into the
  genetic material of a carrier called a vector.

 Examples of vectors include bacteria, yeast cells, and
  viruses.

 After the gene is inserted, the vector is placed in
  laboratory conditions that prompt it to
  multiply, resulting in the gene being copied many
  times over.
 Remove DNA from an egg cell


 Replace with DNA from the animal you wish to
 clone by injection or electrical current

 Allow egg to develop into an early-stage embryo


 Finally, implant into the womb of a female of the
 animal you are trying to clone
 Could create genetically modified animals
 (sheep that produce milk that contains
 blood clotting protein)

 Create animals for food


 Bring back extinct species …. DINOSAURS!!!
 Very inefficient … the cloned sheep Dolly
 was the only embryo out of 277 that actually
 survived

 Numerous health issues including early
 death

 Minimal genetic variability
 Therapeutic cloning involves creating a cloned embryo
  for the sole purpose of producing embryonic stem cells
  with the same DNA as the donor cell.

 One of the human body's master cells, with the ability to
  grow into any one of the body's more than 200 cell types


 The best stem cells exist during the first five days of
  embryo
 The cells are harvested resulting in destruction of the
  embryo
 Applications
   Stem cells can be used in experiments to help
    understand disease and create new treatments
   New tissue formation


 Drawbacks
    Stem cells are similar to cancer cells in that they
     can reproduce indefinitely and could develop
     mutations
    It involves killing an embryo
Introduction to Genetic Engineering
 Read the articles on cloning


 Choose your side


 Write a paragraph explaining why you chose
 that side

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Introduction to Genetic Engineering

  • 2.  It is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using modern DNA technology … also called genetic modification  A genome is the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information
  • 3.  Glow-in-the-dark cats  Venomous cabbage  Web-spinning goats  Less flatulent cows
  • 4.  Scientists have recently taken the gene that programs poison in scorpion tails and looked for ways to combine it with cabbage. This would limit pesticide use while still preventing caterpillars from damaging cabbage crops. These genetically modified cabbages would produce scorpion poison that kills caterpillars when they bite leaves — but the toxin is modified so it isn’t harmful to humans.
  • 5.  Agriculture research scientists at the University of Alberta have identified the bacterium responsible for producing methane and designed a line of cattle that creates 25 percent less methane than the average cow.
  • 6.  Researchers inserted a spiders’ dragline silk gene into the goats’ DNA in such a way that the goats would make the silk protein only in their milk. This “silk milk” could then be used to manufacture a web- like material called Biosteel.
  • 7.  In 2007, South Korean scientists altered a cat’s DNA to make it glow in the dark and then took that DNA and cloned other cats from it — creating a set of fluffy, fluorescent felines. The researchers took skin cells from Turkish Angora female cats and used a virus to insert genetic instructions for making red fluorescent protein.
  • 10.  The term cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity.  The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone.  They occur naturally and artificially
  • 11.  Gene Cloning: produces copies of genes or segments of DNA  Reproductive Cloning: produces copies of whole animals  Therapeutic Cloning: produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues
  • 12.  The procedure consists of inserting a gene from one organism, often referred to as "foreign DNA," into the genetic material of a carrier called a vector.  Examples of vectors include bacteria, yeast cells, and viruses.  After the gene is inserted, the vector is placed in laboratory conditions that prompt it to multiply, resulting in the gene being copied many times over.
  • 13.  Remove DNA from an egg cell  Replace with DNA from the animal you wish to clone by injection or electrical current  Allow egg to develop into an early-stage embryo  Finally, implant into the womb of a female of the animal you are trying to clone
  • 14.  Could create genetically modified animals (sheep that produce milk that contains blood clotting protein)  Create animals for food  Bring back extinct species …. DINOSAURS!!!
  • 15.  Very inefficient … the cloned sheep Dolly was the only embryo out of 277 that actually survived  Numerous health issues including early death  Minimal genetic variability
  • 16.  Therapeutic cloning involves creating a cloned embryo for the sole purpose of producing embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell.  One of the human body's master cells, with the ability to grow into any one of the body's more than 200 cell types  The best stem cells exist during the first five days of embryo  The cells are harvested resulting in destruction of the embryo
  • 17.  Applications  Stem cells can be used in experiments to help understand disease and create new treatments  New tissue formation  Drawbacks  Stem cells are similar to cancer cells in that they can reproduce indefinitely and could develop mutations  It involves killing an embryo
  • 19.  Read the articles on cloning  Choose your side  Write a paragraph explaining why you chose that side