This document summarizes various infectious diseases including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It discusses intestinal parasites like tapeworms and their diagnosis via stool examination. It also covers viral hepatitis types A-D transmission routes and treatments. Other topics include leprosy, scabies, psoriasis, meningitis, meningococcemia, encephalitis and tetanus - outlining their etiology, clinical presentation and management. Laboratory tests mentioned include liver enzymes, blood cultures and lumbar puncture for diagnostic purposes.

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2. Diagnosis: identification of eggs in the stool Tape test Treatment:mebendazole, pyrantelpamoate

5. HEPATITIS Inflammation of the liver characterized by diffuse patchy necrosis Causes: virus,bacteria,toxins,alcohol, drugs, or may be autoimmune,parasites Hepatitis A, is endemic mostly in the world due to poor sanitation. Mode of transmission: ingestion of contaminated food/fecal-oral route Hepatitis B, has a longer incubation periodbr />Mode of transmission: Blood and body fluids

6. Hepatitis a Also known as infectious hepatitis, common among children and adults, most common cause of acute viral hepatitis Transmitted through oral-fecal route Diagnosis:HAV-specific IgM antibodies in the blood Prevention:can be prevented by vaccination, good hygiene and sanitation Mgt:rest, avoid fatty foods and alcohol ,eat a well-balanced diet, and stay hydrated

7. HEPATITIS B Also called serum hepatitis, 2nd common cause of acute viral hepatitis hepatitis B virus primarily interferes with the functions of the liver by replicating in liver cells Transmitted through blood and blood products, sharing of needles, body fluids, sexual contact Diagnosis: screening of HbsAg Treatment: antivirals

8. Hepatitis c spread by blood-to-blood contact. estimated 270-300 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C decreased appetite, fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, itching, and flu-like symptoms

9. Hepatitis d A defective RNA virus that can replicate only with the presence of HBV Not very common

10. Sx: Jaundice, lethargy Nausea vomiting Pruritus/itching Jaundice Abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation Dark urine, clay colored stool Diagnosis: marked elevation in AST and ALT urinary bilirubin, hyperbilirubinemia, serology Complications: Hepatic encephalopathy

11. serology

14. Phases of hepatitis infection Incubation- may range from 15-180 days Prodromal/pre-icteric-non-specific symptoms Icteric-jaundice, organ enlargment Recovery

16. Treatment and prevention Handwashing and hygiene Vaccination Screening of blood HBIG antivirals

17. AST – aspartateaminotraspeptidase also called SGOT or serum glutamicoxaloacetictransaminase ALT- alanineaminotransferase or SGPT, serum glutamicpyruvictransaminase Both are found in the liver Increase in amount indicates possible liver damage

18. Leprosy a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions are the primary external sign Mycobacterium leprae or leprosy bacilli, acid fast Mode of Transmission: Airborne, inhalation of droplet/spray from coughing and sneezing of untreated leprosy patient

20. Sx: long standing skin lesions that do not disappear with ordinary treatment loss of feeling/numbness on the skin loss of sweating and hair growth over the skin lesions thickened and/or painful nerves in the neck, forearm, near elbow joint and the back of knees RASH is NON-PRURITIC

21. Types Tuberculoid –paucacillary or hansen’s disease is the mildest form, limited to skin patches, macules with sharp raised borders, or individual nerves Lepromatous- or multibacillary, is widespread and systemic infection if skin, nerves, and organs, skin macules, papules and plaques occur so does, ynecomasti, peripheral neuropathy, loss of eyelashes and eyebrows

22. Complications: peripheral neuritis, distal hypoesthesia, plantar ulcers, lagopthalmus Diagnosis: biopsy, clinical picture of skin lesions and peripheral neuropathy

23. Multidrug therapy (MDT) is the cornerstone of the leprosy elimination strategy as it cures patients, reduces the reservoir of infection and thereby interrupts its transmission. MDT also prevents disabilities through early cure. For purposes of treatment, leprosy is divided into two types : a) Pauci-bacillary(PB) leprosy : 1-5 skin lesions – Regimen of two drugs – Rifampicin and Dapsone for 6 months; b) Multi-bacillary(MB) leprosy : >5 skin lesions – Regimen of three drugs – Rifampicin, Clofazimine and Dapsone for 12 months;

24. SCABIES The infection of the skin caused by SarcoptesScabiei, causes intensely pruritic lesions with erythematous papules May be found in people with substandrard hygienic living conditions. Mode of Transmission: Contact The adult mite burrows itself in the skin, lays eggs Sx: Severe itching most specially at night Lesions, papules, excoriations Mgt: advise pt. to take shower and apply scabicide in the area. Lindane, crotamiton, permethrin

26. PSORIASIS A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin wherein epidermal cells are produced at a rate six to nine times faster than normal Sx: red, raised patches or lesions appear covered with silvery scale Usual sites are the scalp, elbows and knees and genitalia Mgt: removal of scales through baths, oils, coal and tar preparations

28. MENINGITIS Inflammation of the meninges, may be acute bacterial, aseptic or menigococcal common causes are group B streptococciEscherichia coli,ListeriamonocytogenesNeisseriameningitidis (meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniaeHaemophilusinfluenzae type B N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae

29. Sx: Nuchal rigidity, Kernig’s and brudzinki’s sign High fever, headache Phonophobia and photobia Neisseriameningitidis: a rapidly spreading petechial rash which consist of numerous small, irregular purple or red spots on the trunk, lower extremities, mucous membranes, conjuctiva, and the palms of the hands or soles of the feet.

32. Diagnosis: lumbar puncture and gram staining done by positioning the patient, usually lying on the side, applying local anesthetic, and inserting a needle into the dural sac to collect CSF Treatment: Antibiotics steroids

33. MENINGOCOCCEMIA an acute and potentially life-threatening infection of the bloodstream that commonly leads to inflammation of the blood vessels caused by Neisseriameningitidis ,surrounded by an outer coat that contains disease-causing endotoxin. With levels 100 to 1,000 times greater, multiply and move through the bloodstream, it sheds concentrated amounts of toxin affecting the heart, reducing its ability to circulate blood, and also causes pressure on blood vessels throughout the body. As some blood vessels start to hemorrhage, major organs like the lungs and kidneys are damaged. MOT: droplet infection Incubation period lasts for 2-10 days with an average of 3-4 days.

34. Anxiety Fever Irritability Spotty red or purple rash

35. Complications: septicemia, profound shock Multiple organ failure DIC

36. Diagnosis: blood culture, lumbar puncture Treatment and prevention Vaccination Aqueous Penicillin G may be given to both children and adults. Chloramphenicol may be given in cases of Penicillin allergy. Prophylaxis is reserved for those who have intimate contact with the patient; household members, boyfriend/girlfriend, sexual partners, hospital personnel who did suctioning of secretions and/or mouth resuscitation. Rifampicin is the drug of choice and may be given to both children and adults.

37. Encephalitis Inflammation of brain tissue It my be a primary manifestation or a secondary complication Viral encephalitis can be due either to the direct effects of an acute infection, or as one of the sequelae of a latent infection. can be caused by a bacterial infection such as bacterial meningitis spreading directly to the brain (primary encephalitis), or may be a complication of a current infectious disease syphilis

38. Sx: fever, headache and photophobia with weakness and seizures Diagnosis: lumbar puncture, MRI

39. TETANUS characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers caused by a neurotoxin clostridium tetani, a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacterium MOT: wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. As the infection progresses, muscle spasms develop in the jaw and elsewhere in the body Tetanus begins when spores enter damaged tissue,transform into rod-shaped bacteria and produce the neurotoxin tetanospasmin

40. Sx: Incubation may range from 2 to 50 days trismus, or lockjaw, facial spasms called risussardonicus, stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing and rigidity of pectoral and calf muscles Opisthotonos Neonatal tetanus is also possible

43. Diagnosis: spatula test-a clinical test for tetanus that involves touching the posterior pharyngeal wall with a sterile, soft-tipped instrument, and observing the effect. positive test result is the involuntary contraction of the jaw negative test result would normally be a gag reflex attempting to expel the foreign object. Treatment: Metronidazole, passive immunization, diazepam, debridement, antibiotics Keep patient in a dim, quiet room