2. TABLE OF CONTENTS El Pretérito Pretérito Trigger Words El Imperfecto Imperfecto Trigger Words Comparativos y Superlativos Connecting/Transition Words Verbs like Gustar Snake-y & Snake Verbs Spock Verbs Car/Gar/Zar Verbs Ser vs Estar El Futuro Future Trigger Words Irregular-Futuro Por Para Cucaracha Verbs La Condicional
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS (CON’T) 19. Present Perfect Tense/Irregulares 20. Past Perfect Tense 21. Subjunctive Perfect Tense 22. Tan y Tanto 23. Impersonal “se” 24. Saber vs. Conocer 25. Los Mandatos/Informal y Formal/Affirmative, Negative, e irregulares/DOP & IOP Placement 26. Nosotros Commands/-mono Verbs 27. Subjunctive & Irregulares 28. Trigger Phrases/Impersonal Expressions, Expressions of Emotion, & Conjunction of Time
4. El Pretérito: Action The Preterite is a completed action. It narrrates past and specific events. The events are usually single, state the beginning and end of an action, and are usually a chain of events. Sometimes, they may repeat. Para ejemplo: Fueron a Buenos Aires en el ano pasado. (It’s a completed event in the past.
6. El Imperfecto: Ongoing condition The Imperfect is a continouts event, that has no reference to beginning or end. Imperefect events are often habitual, and describe physical and emotional states. Imperfect verbs include background info like time, weather, and location. Para ejemplo: Vivíamos en una casa mas grande. (Continuous action.)
8. Comparatives/Superlatives Comparatives come in four different forms. • Mas… que (More than) • Menos… que (Less than) • Tan… como • Tanto… como (Both of equal nature) Ejemplos: La casa es grande- 1st El granero es más grande que la casa-2nd El castillo es el más grande de todos-3rd MORE THAN! Este dinosaurio es feraz. Este dinosaurio es menos feraz que el otro. Este dinosaurio es menos feraz que en el mundo. LESS THAN! Este carro es rápido. Este carro es tan rápido que el otro. EQUALITY! When using numbers, you write mas DE & menos de!
10. Verbs like Gustar When gustar is followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used. You conjugate the verbs in the exact way how you conjugate gustar in the preterite, present, and imperfect. Ejemplos: A Adela lee encanta la música de Shakira. A nos nosotros fascinan los grupos de pop latino. David y Juan les molestan levantan temprano. Lucia le encantan las películas de terror. A nosotros todos nos importan le educación.
13. CAR/GAR/ZAR VERBS Verbs that end in gar change to gu. Verbs that end in zar change to c. Verbs that end in car change to qu. They have the same endings as regular preterite verbs, i.e. é. They only change in the yo form.
14. SER SOY ERES ES SOMOS SON SER describes things that won’t change. Use SER if you want to talk about what something is.
15. ESTAR: TO BE ESTOY ESTAS ESTA ESTAMOS ESTAN Addresses condition. Use Estar to talk about how something is.
18. Future Irregular Verbs DECIR DIR é HACER HAR PONER PONDR ás SALIR SALDR TENER TENDR á VALER VALDR VENIR VENDR PODER PODR QUERER QUERR emos SABER SABR CABER CABR án HABER HABR
19. POR Por differs from Para slightly. Ejemplos: Passing Through/Movement: PORtal. (Este tren pasa POR Tejas.) General Location: PORtugal. (No se si hay una piscina POR aqui.) The duration: POREVER. (Viajamos por tres semanas.) The cause of something: PORpuse. (Me caí por la nieve.) Doing something in place of: (I’m POR, pay for me.) Transportation: (Viajaré por el avión.)
20. PARA For the Benefit of someone: PARAty. (Compraremos un regalo PARA Sara.) Going to a specific place: PARAguay. (Voy a Paraguay para la navidad.) Purpose for which something is done: PARAsites. (Compré anteojos PARA ver mejor.) Expressing opinion: PARAdon me, pero. (Para mí, los ejercicios son fantásticos.) Contrast/Compare: (Para maestro, no sabe mucho de las matematicas.)
22. The Conditional is used to express probability, possibility, or wonderment. Irregulars: Caber, Decir, Hacer, Haber, Poder, Querer, Saber, Poner, Salir, Tener, Valer, Venir. The Conditional
23. Present Perfect Tense The Present Perfect Tense is used to talk about events that have happened in the past. It’s different from the Preterite though, because it uses the auxiliary verb haber, which means to have. Para ejemplo: Cuando lo he visto, no he podido creerlo. (When I saw it, I couldn’t believe it. To have the past particle, you add either –ido or –ado at the end of the verb. Ar verbs end in –ado, and Er & Ir verbs end in –ido. Irregulares: Abrir= Abierto, Escribir= Escrito, Poner= Puesto, Hacer= Hecho, Decir=Dicho
24. Past Perfect Tense To form the past perfect, use the imperfect of haber plus the masculine singular form of the past participle. Juan dijo que habia viajado a Mexico.(John said that he had traveled to Mexico.
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27. Impersonal “Se” Third-person reflexive pronoun. People use it to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb. It can be used in all tenses. Ejemplo: Se habla español.
28. Saber vs. Conocer Saber= KNOWLEDGE CONOCER= KNOWING PEOPLE Ejemplo: Yo no sé tu número de teléfono. Yo no conozco a Maria.
29. Los Mandatos: Informal & Formal, Affirmative & Negative Mandatos(Commands) are used to address someone or something to do a specified action. Informal Commands are used in the TU FORM. Use the present indicative also. Ejemplo: Compra los libros. Formal Commands are used in the USTED FORM. Use the present indicative also. Affirmative: Usted= Take the Yo, drop the –o, add opposite ending. Tu= Drop –s on the original tu form. Negative: Usted= Take the Yo, drop the –o, add opposite ending + n. Tu= Take the Yo, drop the –o, add opposite ending + s.
30. Nosotros Commands/ Mono/DOP & IOP Placement -AR VERBS: EMOS/IMOS. –ER/IR VERBS: AMOS. How to construct the –mono: Drop the final –s of the command form and add reflexive pronoun. Ejemplo: Levantémonos ahora!
31. Subjunctive & Irregulares The subjunctive is used for the following acronym. Wishing/Wanting Emotions Doubt/Disbelief Impersonal Expressions Negation God/Grief To conjugate it, you start with the –yo form, then take off the o. Ejemplo: Hablar= Hable, Hables, Hablemos, Haben. Irregulares: -car, -gar, -zar. Estar = esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén. Es muy importante queaprendas el subjuntivo. CONNECTOR. MAIN CLAUSE. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE.
34. The subjunctive is made with a subordinate clause in the beginning, and the main clause at the end. Hope Fear Joy Pity Surprise ¡Nosalegramosque te gustan las flores! Temo llegar tarde.
35. Conjunction of Time Cuando = when Tan Pronto Como/LuegoQue = as soon as Despues de Que= After Asíque = So Antes de que = Before Ejemplo: A poco de quese encendió la computadora, aparecieronlasprimerasimágenes.
