This chapter discusses how teachers can guide students in complex cognitive processes like conceptual understanding, thinking and reasoning, problem solving, and transfer. It defines concepts and discusses strategies for concept formation like rule-example and hierarchical categorization. It also covers types of reasoning like inductive, deductive, and critical thinking. Problem solving strategies discussed include finding and framing problems, developing strategies, and evaluating solutions. Finally, it defines transfer as applying knowledge to new situations and discusses different types of transfer.

1. Chapter 9Complex Cognitive Processes Emily Richardson, Cisnell Baez, Blair Balchunas, Vas Kochura, Brian Browne, Lindsey Favacchia, Alex Crassaris, Azusa Higuchi

2. Chapter Overview It is important that students think deeply. This chapter looks at how teachers can guide students to engage in COMPLEX COGNITIVE PROCESSES like understanding concepts, solving problems and transferring what they learn to other settings.

3. Conceptual Understanding WHAT ARE CONCEPTS?Categories: they group objects, events and characteristics on the basis of common properties.Concepts: ideas about what categories represent.

4. Defining Concepts & Providing ExamplesRule-Example Strategy Define the concept Clarify in terms of defintion Give examples to illustrate key characteristics Provide additional examples

5. Promoting Concept Formation Hierarchical Categorization Concept Maps Hypothesis Testing Prototype Matching

6. Thinking & Reasoning What is thinking? Thinking involves manipulating & transforming memory. REASONING:Inductive Reasoning – from the specific to the general.Analogies – Draw on inductive reasoningDeductive Reasoning – from the general to the specific

7. Critical Thinking: thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence Decision Making: Involves evaluating alternates and making choices among them. EX: Weighing costs and benefits of various outcomes. Creative Thinking: The ability to think about things in new & interesting ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.CONVERGENT THINKING vs DIVERGENT THINKING

8. Problem Solving Find & Frame Problems Develop Good Problem-Solving StrategiesSubgoaling Algorithms Heuristics Means-End Analysis Evaluate Solutions Rethink and Redefine Problems & Solutions overtime Obstacles to Solving Problems: Fixation, lack of motivation & persistance, inadequate emotional control.

9. TRANSFER What is transfer?: applying previous experiences and knowledge to learning or problem solving in a new situationTYPES OF TRANSFERNear TransferFar TransferLow Road & High Road TransferForward Reaching TransferBackward Reaching Transfer