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Larval Pacific Oyster (Crassostreagigas)Response to Ocean Acidification,[object Object],Emma Timmins-Schiffman, Steven Roberts, Paul McElhany, Shallin Busch,[object Object],University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences,[object Object],SICB, January 7, 2011,[object Object]
Objective,[object Object],How do human impacts, such as ocean acidification, affect oyster larvae?,[object Object]
Outline,[object Object],Background on ocean acidification,[object Object],Oyster development,[object Object],Ocean acidification effects on different stages of larval development,[object Object],Conclusion,[object Object]
Ocean Acidification,[object Object],1000 ppm,[object Object],Increased CO2 in atmosphere,[object Object],380 ppm,[object Object],Increased oceanic CO2 = lower oceanic pH,[object Object]
Timeline of C. gigas Larval Development,[object Object],Fertilization,[object Object],2-cell,[object Object],Developmental Stage,[object Object],0h,[object Object],4-cell,[object Object],1h,[object Object],hatching,[object Object],2h,[object Object],pre-veliger,[object Object],5h,[object Object],veliger,[object Object],Time Post-Fertilization,[object Object],17h,[object Object],24h,[object Object]
Sperm Motility,[object Object],Photo: A. Bruner,[object Object]
Timing of Development,[object Object],=380 ppm,[object Object],=840 ppm,[object Object],Proportion Eggs in Cleavage,[object Object],2 hrs (>4-cell),[object Object],1 hr (2-cell),[object Object]
Timing of Development,[object Object],=380 ppm,[object Object],=840 ppm,[object Object],Proportion Larvae Hatched,[object Object],24,[object Object],5,[object Object],17,[object Object]
Timing of Development,[object Object],Developmental lag under OA conditions,[object Object],Or larvae are not developing at all,[object Object],Proportion Eggs in Cleavage,[object Object],Settlement,[object Object],Resource availability,[object Object],Optimal environmental conditions,[object Object]
Larval Morphology,[object Object],abnormal,[object Object],normal,[object Object]
Larval Calcification,[object Object],= calcified,[object Object],= partially ,[object Object],calcified,[object Object],= uncalcified,[object Object]
Larval Morphology/Calcification,[object Object],Abnormal development at 2000 ppm,[object Object],Evidence of better larval performance at 380 vs. 280 ppm,[object Object]
Larval Gene Expression,[object Object],Environmental shifts cause changes in gene expression,[object Object],Develop assays to understand organism response,[object Object],Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) – molecular chaperone, general stress response,[object Object],Serine palmitoyltransferase 1 (Sptlc1) – apoptosis signaling under environmental stress,[object Object],pH,[object Object],8.1,[object Object],normal,[object Object],Perception of environmental change,[object Object],OA,[object Object],7.3,[object Object],abnormal,[object Object]
Larval Gene Expression: Hsp70,[object Object],Stressed organisms increase Hsp70 expression,[object Object],Threshold of stress response,[object Object],Relative Expression Level,[object Object]
Larval Gene Expression: Sptlc1,[object Object],OA is altering phenotype and affecting gene expression,[object Object],Pathway important in normal development?,[object Object],Relative Expression Level,[object Object]
Conclusions,[object Object],Ocean acidification has significant effects on C. gigas larval development and physiology,[object Object],More abnormal morphology,[object Object],Less calcification,[object Object],Changes in stress-related genes,[object Object]
Conclusions,[object Object],Adaptation to 380 ppm CO2 may not hold true for projected greater rate of change,[object Object],100 years,[object Object],600 ppm,[object Object],250 years, 100 ppm,[object Object]
Acknowledgements,[object Object],[object Object]

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