1. World History
CST Review
La Entrada High School

2. Apartheid
 was a system of legal racial segregation
enforced by the National Party
government in South Africa between 1948
and early 1994.

3. Appeasement
 the policy of settling international quarrels
by admitting and satisfying grievances
through rational negotiation and
compromise, thereby avoiding the resort
to an armed conflict which would be
expensive, bloody, and possibly
dangerous."[1] The term is most often
applied to the foreign policy of British
Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
towards Nazi Germany between 1937 and
1939.

4. Armistice
 An armistice is a situation in a war where
the warring parties agree to stop fighting.

5. Atheism
 Atheism can be either the rejection of
theism, or the position that god (deities)
does not exist.

6. Aristocracy
 is a form of government, in which a few of
the most prominent citizens rule.

7. Bill of Rights
 The first 10 amendments to the
constitution
 The purpose of is to protect those rights
against infringement by the government.
 Included basic freedoms such as speech,
religion, right to own guns etc.
 Was a compromise in getting the
Constitution ratified.

8. Winston Churchill
 was a British politician known chiefly for
his leadership of the United Kingdom
during World War II. He served as
Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945 and
again from 1951 to 1955.

9. Cold War
 (1945–1991) was the continuing state of
political conflict, military tension, and
economic competition existing after World
War II(1939–1945), between the USSR
and its satellite states, and the powers of
the Western world, primarily the United
States.

10. Coup d’ etat
 A coup d'état or coup for short, is the
sudden unconstitutional deposition of a
legitimate government, usually by a small
group of the existing state establishment—
typically the military—to replace the
deposed government with another, either
civil or military.

11. Cultural Revolution
 launched by Mao Zedong, the chairman of
the Communist Party of China, on May 16,
1966, who alleged that "liberal bourgeois"
elements were permeating the party and
society at large and that they wanted to
restore Capitalism.
 He insisted that these elements be
removed through post-revolutionary class
struggle by mobilizing the thoughts and
actions of China’s youth, who formed Red
Guards
 Later denounced by Chinese leadership

12. Declaration of Independence
 The United States Declaration of Independence is a
statement adopted by the Continental Congress on
July 4, 1776, which announced that the
thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain
were now independent states, and thus no longer a part
of the British Empire. Written primarily by
Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration is a formal
explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to
declare independence from Great Britain, more than a
year after the outbreak of the
American Revolutionary War.

13. Dwight Eisenhower
 was a five-star general in the
United States Army and the 34th
President of the United States, from 1953
until 1961
 During the Second World War, he served
as Supreme Commander of the
Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility
for planning and supervising the
successful invasion of France and
Germany in 1944–45
 In 1951, he became the first
supreme commander of NATO.

14. Age of Enlightenment
 is a term used to describe a time in
Western philosophy and cultural life,
centered upon the eighteenth century, in
which reason was advocated as the
primary source and legitimacy for
authority.
 Stressed the “natural rights” of man
 Foundation of the Dec. of Independence

15. Ethnic Cleansing
 Ethnic cleansing is a term that has come
to be used broadly to describe all forms of
ethnically inspired violence, ranging from
murder, rape, and torture to the
forcible removal of populations.

16. European Union
 The European Union (EU) is an
economic and political union of 27
Member States, located primarily in
Europe. Committed to regional integration,
the EU was established by the
Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993
upon the foundations of the pre-existing
European Economic Community. With
almost 500 million citizens, the EU
combined generates an estimated 30%
share (US$18.4 trillion in 2008) of the
nominal gross world product.[

17. Feudalism
 In its most classic sense, feudalism refers
to the Medieval European political system
composed of a set of reciprocal legal and
military obligations among the warrior
nobility, revolving around the three key
concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.

18. Genocide
 is the deliberate and systematic
destruction, in whole or in part, of an
ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.

19. Guerilla Warfare
 Guerrilla warfare is the irregular warfare
warfare and combat in which a small
group of combatants use mobile
military tactics in the form of ambushes
and raids to combat a larger and less
mobile formal army.
 The guerrilla army uses ambush and
mobility in attacking vulnerable targets in
enemy territory. Guerrilla warfare is
countered with counter-insurgency

20. Adolph Hitler
 He was the authoritarian leader of Germany from
1933 to 1945, serving as chancellor from 1933 to
1945 and as head of state (Führer und Reichskanzler
) from 1934 to 1945.
 Responsible for WW II
 He is synonymous with NAZI Party
 Nazi forces committed numerous atrocities during the
war, including the systematic killing of as many as 17
million civilians, an estimated six million of whom
were Jews targeted in a genocide known as
the Holocaust.

21. Emperor Hirohito
 Emperor of Japan during WW II
 was the 124th Emperor of Japan
according to the traditional order, reigning
from December 25, 1926 until his death in
1989.
 Japan was still a fairly rural country with a
limited industrial base. Japan's
militarization in the 1930s eventually led to
Japan's invasion of China and

22. Holocaust
 is the term generally used to describe the
genocide of approximately six million
European Jews during World War II, a
program of systematic state-sponsored
extermination by Nazi Germany, under
Adolf Hitler, its allies, and collaborators.[2]

23. Humanism
 is a perspective common to a wide range
of ethical stances that attaches
importance to human dignity, concerns,
and capabilities, particularly rationality.
Although the word has many senses, its
meaning comes into focus when
contrasted to the supernatural or to
appeals to authority

24. Imperialism
 Imperialism is considered the control by
one state of other territories. Through
political or military means (direct
imperialism), the imperial power may take
over the government of a particular
territory, or through economic processes
(indirect imperialism), in which the
concerned region is officially self-
governing but linked to the imperial power
by, often unequal, trade relations.

25. Industrial Revolution
 The Industrial Revolution was a period
from the 18th to the 19th century where
major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, and transport had
a profound effect on the socioeconomic
and cultural conditions in the
United Kingdom. The changes
subsequently spread throughout Europe,
North America, and eventually the world.
The onset of the Industrial Revolution
marked a major turning point in human
history; almost every aspect of daily life

26. Labor Organizations
 A trade union (or labor union) is an
organization of workers who have banded
together to achieve common goals in key
areas, such as working conditions. The
trade union, through its leadership,
bargains with the employer on behalf of
union members (rank and file members)
and negotiates labor contracts (
Collective bargaining) with employers.

27. Douglas MacArthur was an American general, United Nations general,
and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a
Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the
1930s and later played a prominent role in the
Pacific theater of World War II.
 He was designated to command the
proposed invasion of Japan in November 1945.
When that was no longer necessary, he officially
accepted the nation's surrender on September 2,
1945.
 MacArthur was removed from command by President
Harry S. Truman for publicly disagreeing with
Truman's Korean War Policy.

28. Magna Carta- 1215 AD
 Magna Carta required King
John of England to proclaim certain rights
(pertaining to freemen), respect certain
legal procedures, and accept that his will
could be bound by the law. It explicitly
protected certain rights of the King's
subjects, whether free or fettered — and
implicitly supported what became the writ
of habeas corpus, allowing appeal against
unlawful imprisonment.

29. Marshall Plan
 was the primary plan of the United States for
rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the
countries of Western Europe, and repelling
communism after World War II.
 The plan was in operation for four years beginning in
April 1948.
 During that period some USD 13 billion in economic
and technical assistance were given to help the
recovery of the European countries
 By the time the plan had come to completion, the
economy of every participant state, with the
exception of Germany, had grown well past pre-war
levels

30. Mercantilism
 Mercantilism suggests that the ruling
government should advance these goals
by playing a protectionist role in the
economy; by encouraging exports and
discouraging imports, notably through the
use of tariffs and subsidies.
 Mercantilism is an economic theory that
holds that the prosperity of a nation is
dependent upon its supply of capital, and
that the global volume of

31. Benito Mussolini
 Leader of Italy in WW I
 was an Italian politician who led the
National Fascist Party and is credited with
being one of the key figures in the creation
of Fascism

32. NATO
 signed on 17 March 1948
 The organization constitutes a system of
collective defense whereby its member
states agree to mutual defense in
response to an attack by any external
party.
 The Parties of NATO agreed that an
armed attack against one or more of them
in Europe or North America shall be
considered an attack against them all.

33. Nazi
 is the totalitarian ideology and practices of
the Nazi Party or National Socialist
German Workers’ Party under Adolf Hitler,
and the policies adopted by the dictatorial
government of Nazi Germany from 1933
to 1945
 Responsible for World War II
 Believed in superior Aryan race
 Responsible for the “holocaust”

34. Oligarchy
 An Oligarchy is a form of government in
which power effectively rests with a small
elite segment of society distinguished by
royal, wealth, intellectual, family, military,
or religious leaders.

35. OPEC
 The Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries is a cartel of twelve
countries made up of Algeria, Angola,
Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the
United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
 Controls world oil princes and production

36. Renaissance
 The Renaissance (French for "rebirth“)
was a cultural movement that spanned
roughly the 14th to the 17th century,
beginning in Florence in the
Late Middle Ages and later spreading to
the rest of Europe.
 An intellectual transformation of a
resurgence of art, science, and
architecture

37. Reparations
 is replenishment of a previously inflicted
loss by the criminal to the victim.
 Possibly a results of:
War
Slavery
Social or cultural injustice (Japanese
internment)

38. Romanticism
 a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual
movement that originated in the second
half of the 18th century in Western Europe
, and gained strength during the
Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt
against aristocratic social and political
norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a
reaction against the scientific
rationalization of nature, and was
embodied most strongly in the visual arts,
music, and literature.

39. Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) 1882-
1945
 the only U.S. President (1933-45) elected
to more than two terms, was a central
figure in world events during the mid-
20th century, leading the United States
during a time of worldwide economic crisis
and world war
 Often credited for leading the US out of
the Great Depression.
 Expanded role of President
 Created many new government programs

40. SEATO
 was an international organization for
collective defense which was signed on
September 8, 1954.
 was primarily created to block further
communist gains in Southeast Asia.
 Members were:
 Australia, France, Bangladesh, New Zealand,
Philippines, Pakistan, United States, Thailand,
United Kingdom

41. Josef Stalin
 was the
General Secretary of the Communist Party of t
's Central Committee from 1922 until his
death in 1953. In the years following
Lenin's death in 1924, he rose to become
the leader of the Soviet Union.
 Was leader in Russia during World War II

42. Stalin-Hitler Pact of 1939
 It was a Non-Aggression Pact between
Russia and Germany and pledged
neutrality by either party if the other were
attacked by a third party.
 Germany later invaded Russia in 1941

43. Theocracy
 is a form of government in which a god or
deity is recognized as the state's supreme
civil ruler, or in a higher sense, a form of
government in which a state is governed
by immediate divine guidance or by
officials who are regarded as divinely
guided (clerics).
 Rule by religious leaders, ex. Iran

44. Totalitarian
 is a political system where the state,
usually under the control of a single party
or faction, recognizes no limits to its
authority and strives to regulate every
aspect of public and private life wherever
feasible.
 Examples:
 Nazi Germany
 Communist Russia
 Communist Cuba
 Maoist China

45. Triangular Trade
 Triangular trade, or Triangle trade, is a
historical term indicating trade among
three ports or regions. The trade evolved
where a region had an export commodity
that was required in the region from which
its major imports came. Triangular trade
thus provided a mechanism for rectifying
trade imbalances.
 Often sugar to Europe, rum to Africa, slave
to America

46. Tribal systems
 First types of government
 Usually small migrant bands of people
gathered together for protection
 Had spiritual and leadership guidelines
 Often warring or defensive

47. Truman Doctrine
 a set of principles of U.S. inland policy created on March
12, 1947 by President Harry S Truman
 Truman declared that the United States, as "
leader of the free world", must support democracy
worldwide and fight against communism.
 The declaration of the Truman Doctrine served to inhibit
the formation of coalition governments that included
communist elements. (containment)
 Set the groundwork for the “Cold War”

48. United Nations
 is an international organization whose
stated aims are facilitating cooperation in
international law, international security,
economic development, social progress,
human rights, and the achieving of world
peace.
 Currently 192 member countries
 Started in 1945-after WW II

49. Warsaw Pact is the informal name for the mutual defense Treaty of
Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance
subscribed by eight Communist states in
Eastern Europe, that was established at the USSR’s
initiative and realized on 14 May 1955.
 The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Bloc’s military
response to West Germany’s October 1954
integration to NATO.
 Countries included were:
 Albania
 Bulgaria
 Hungary
 Poland
 Romania
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

50. Mao Zedong (Tse-tung)
 was a Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and
Communist leader .
 He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its
establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
 His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism,
military strategies, and his brand of Communist
policies are now collectively known as Maoism.
 Mao's social-political programs, such as the
Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, are
blamed for causing severe famine and damage to the
culture, society and economy of China.

51. Causes of World War I
 Mutual Defense Alliances
 Imperialism
 Militarism
 Nationalism
 Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

52. Causes of WW I
 Mutual Defense Alliances
Russia and Serbia
Germany and Austria-Hungary
France and Russia
Britain and France and Belgium
Japan and Britain

53. Causes of WW I
 Imperialism
Imperialism is when a country increases their
power and wealth by bringing additional
territories under their control
Africa and Asia were points of contention
Desire to control these areas led to
confrontation

54. Causes of WW I
 Militarism
Arms race among Britain, Germany and
Russia

55. Causes of WW I
 Nationalism
Countries wanted to prove their dominance
and power

56. Causes of WW I
 Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on
Serbia
Russia aligned with Serbia so Germany
declared war on Russia

57. Why US Entered WW I
 US was neutral to begin with
 Sinking of Lusitania stirred American
concerns
 German submarine warfare against US
merchant ships
 German sent secret message to Mexico
and promised them parts of the US back if
they aligned with Germany

58. Causes of World War II
 Failure of the Treaty of Versailles
 Failure of League of Nations
 Adolf Hitler’s rise to power
 Expansionism and Appeasement
 Fascism
 Economic depression and instability
 Entangling Alliances

59. Causes of World War II
 1939-Germany invades Poland
Brings Britain and France into the war
 Japan invades Manchuria, China
 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor bringing US
into the war
 Germany invades USSR