2. WHAT QUESTIONS WILL BE ANSWERED
TODAY?
•
•
•
•
What is the Strategic Instruction Model?
What are learning strategies?
How do we make it happen?
What are the effective strategies supported and field tested?
3. STRATEGIC INSTRUCTION MODEL (SIM)
Out of this effort, the Strategic
Instruction Model , or SIM,
has evolved.
In essence, SIM is about
promoting effective teaching and
learning of critical content in
schools.
SIM strives to help teachers
make decisions about what is of
greatest importance, what we
can teach students to help them
to learn, and how to teach them
well.
“We advocate trying to teach a
little less content, but teaching it
better.”
4. WHAT IS SIM?
The Strategic Instruction Model is a research based
comprehensive approach to teaching adolescents who
struggle to become good readers, writers, and learners.
5. THE DETAILS
Strategic Instruction Model
is about
Promoting Learning
Coverage
For
All Learners
Responds to
Current
Realities
Such as
Strategic
Instruction
Includes
Requires
informed and
explicit
Key
Components
Such as
Such as
Smarter
Planning
A
Continuum
of Action
Teaching
Routines
Is supported by
Teaming
Requires
instruction
in and
infusion of
Learning
Strategies
7. WHAT ARE LEARNING STRATEGIES?
• Approaches to teaching students how to think about
and solve problems, or……teaching students “how to
learn”
• Learning strategies are used by students to help
them understand information and solve problems.
• A learning strategy is a person's approach to learning
and using information.
8. PATHWAYS TO SUCCESS
• Partnership
• Provide numerous supports for academic success (tutoring, direct
instruction, parent education)
• Instructional coaches in middle and high schools
• Professional Learning Communities
9. PROFESSIONAL LEARNING
COMMUNITIES
• Get the right people on board
• Target standards
• Develop positive cultural
norms
• Be tightly organized
• Employ coaches to lead small
groups
• Develop powerful tools
• Keep learning from each other
• Provide follow-up to ensure
fidelity
11. LEARNING STRATEGIES
Strategies for reading
Strategies for studying & remembering information
Strategies for writing
Strategies for improving assignment & test performance
Strategies for effectively interacting with others
Strategies for motivation
Strategies for math
12. STRATEGIES FOR READING
Word Identification Strategy
Self-Questioning Strategy
Visual Imagery Strategy
Inference Strategy
Fundamentals of Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Paraphrasing Strategy
13. STRATEGIES FOR STUDYING &
REMEMBERING INFORMATION
FIRST-Letter Mnemonic Strategy
Paired Associates Strategy
LINCS Vocabulary Strategy
16. STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVELY INTERACTING WITH
OTHERS
SLANT - A Classroom Participation Strategy
Cooperative Thinking Strategies
THINK Strategy (Problem Solving)
LEARN Strategy (Learning Critical Information)
BUILD Strategy (Decision Making)
SCORE Skills: Social Skills for Cooperative Groups
Teamwork Strategy
The Community Building Series
Focusing Together
Following Instructions Together
Organizing Together
Taking Notes Together
Talking Together
17. STRATEGIES FOR MATH
Strategic Math Series:
Addition Facts 0 to 9
Addition Facts 10 to 18
Subtraction Facts 0 to 9
Subtraction Facts 10 to 18
Multiplication Facts 0 to 81
Division Facts 0 to 81
Place Value
19. WHAT IS ADDIE?
A systematic approach
(model) for developing
effective instruction.
One of the most popular
models in instructional
design.
Outcome of each step
feeds into the subsequent
step.
Evaluation is ongoing
throughout each layer of
design.
20.
21. ANALYSIS
•During analysis, the designer identifies the learning
problem, the goals and objectives, the audience’s needs,
existing knowledge, and any other relevant characteristics.
•Analysis also considers the learning environment, any
constraints, the delivery options, and the timeline for the
project.
-- Learning-Theories.com: Knowledge base and webliography (n.d.). Retrieved
May 5, 2008 from http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html
22. SOME QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
•Who is the audience?
•What are audience characteristics?
•Are there learning constraints?
•What is desired mode of delivery?
•Is there a timeline for completion?
•Are there specific pedagogical considerations?
23. DESIGN
•A systematic process of specifying
learning objectives.Detailed
storyboards and prototypes are often
made, and the look and feel, graphic
design, user-interface and content is
determined here.
-- Learning-Theories.com: Knowledge base and
webliography (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2008 from
http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html
24. DESIGN
•What are the learning objectives?
•What will the delivery look like?
•What types on supplemental materials will be included?
•What topic(s) will each LO cover?
•Will all LOs look the same?
•Worksheet from
http://citt.ufl.edu/team/PGL/modules.htm
25. DEVELOPMENT
•The actual creation (production) of
the content and learning materials
based on the Design phase.
-- Learning-Theories.com: Knowledge base and
webliography (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2008 from
http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html
26. IMPLEMENTATION
•During implementation, the plan is put into action and a
procedure for training the learner and teacher is
developed. Materials are delivered or distributed to the
student group. After delivery, the effectiveness of the
training materials is evaluated.
-- Learning-Theories.com: Knowledge base and webliography (n.d.). Retrieved
May 5, 2008 from http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html
27. IMPLEMENTATION
•Trial run of the materials with feedback
from learner.
–What works? does not work?
–What needs to be added?
–Other ways it can be improved.
Worksheet from
http://citt.ufl.edu/team/PGL/modules.htm
28. EVALUATION
•This phase consists of
•(1) formative and (2) summative
evaluation.
• Formative evaluation is present in each
stage of the ADDIE process
•. Summative evaluation consists of tests
designed for criterion-related referenced
items and providing opportunities for
feedback from the users.
• Revisions are made as necessary.
-- Learning-Theories.com: Knowledge base and webliography (n.d.).
Retrieved May 5, 2008 from http://www.learning-theories.com/addiemodel.html
29. EVALUATION
•Formative evaluation – ongoing.
–What changes were made after
trial implementation period? (peer
review).
–Did it impact your writing?
–What else would you like to
learn?
•Summative evaluation
–What would you like to know
about the LO once students begin
using it to improve writing?
31. THE ASSURE MODEL
• Is a procedural guide for planning and delivering instruction
that incorporates media, assumes that training or instruction
really is required (e.g., students don’t know how to use the
new laboratory microscopes, or assembly line workers must
learn to handle safely the toxic materials they work with).
32. THE ASSURE MODEL
Analyze learners
State objectives
Select methods, media, and materials
Utilize media and materials
Require learner participation
Evaluate and revise
34. STATE OBJECTIVES
Be specific
State terms of what student will
be able to do
Include conditions and degree of
acceptable performance
The objectives may be derived
from a needs assessment or a
course syllabus, stated in a text
book, taken from a curriculum
guide, or developed by the
instructor.
35. Once you know your students, you can begin writing the
objectives of your lesson. Objectives are the learning
outcomes, that is, What will the student get out of the
lesson?
The ABCD's of writing objectives are:
Audience (who are your students?)
Behavior to be demonstrated
Conditions under which the behavior will be
observed
Degree to which the learned skills are to be
mastered.
Example: Fifth grade social studies students (Audience) will be able to
name at least 90% (Degree) of the state capitols (Behavior) when
given a list of states (Condition).
36. CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES
CLASSIFYING objectives is much more than an academic
exercise for educational psychologists.
It has practical value because the selection of instructional
methods and media depends on what type of objective is
being pursued and so does the choice of evaluation
instruments.
Maybe classified as the primary type of learning
There are 3 domains:
Cognitve
Affective
Motor Skills
37. SELECT METHODS,
MEDIA, AND MATERIALS
Decide on appropriate
method
Choose suitable format
Select available materials
Modify existing materials
Design new materials
38. Obtaining Specific Materials: Select, Modify,
or Design?
Having decided what media format suits your immediate
instructional objective; you face the problem of finding
specific materials to convey the lesson.
Selecting Available Materials
The majority of instructional materials used by teachers and
trainers are "off the shelf"—that is, ready-made and available
from school, district, or company collections or other easily
accessible sources. How do you go about making an
appropriate choice from available materials?
39. UTILIZE MEDIA AND MATERIALS
Preview and practice
Prepare class and
ready equipment
Prepare learners
Conduct instruction
41. EVALUATE/REVISE
THE final component of our ASSURE model for effective learning
most frequent type of evaluation is the paper-and-pencil test
The most frequent thought of purpose is to measure student
achievement.
42. THREE PURPOSES OF EVALUATION
evaluation of learner
achievement,
evaluation of media and
methods,
and evaluation of the
instructional process.
43. EVALUATION OF LEARNER
ACHIEVEMENT
The method of evaluating achievement depends on the nature of the
objective.
Objectives that focuses on cognitive skills for example, distinguishing
adjectives from adverbs, describing a company's absence policy lend
themselves to conventional written tests or oral examinations.
44. EVALUATION OF MEDIA AND
METHODS
Evaluation also includes assessment of instructional media and methods.
Particularly after first use, instructional materials need to be evaluated to
determine if future use, with or without modification, is warranted. The
results of your evaluation should be entered on your personal file form.
45. REVISION
The final step of the instructional cycle is to sit
back and look at the results of your evaluation
data gathering.
If your evaluation data indicate shortcomings now
is the time to go back to the faulty part of the plan
and revise it.
The model works, but only if you use it to upgrade
the quality of your instruction constantly.
Notes de l'éditeur
So, have I got the answer for you.
The first thing I want to emphasize is that it is research based and comprehensive. And…it was designed for adolescents.
All effective instruction requires careful planning. Teaching with instructional media and technology is certainly no exception. The ASSURE model is a procedural guide for planning and conducting instruction that incorporates media and technology. The ASSURE model focuses on planning surrounding the actual classroom use of media and technology. It is less ambitious than models of instruction development, which are intended to guide the entire process of designing instructional systems. Such models include the procedures of the ASSURE model and the processes of needs analysis, subject matter analysis, product design, prototype tryout, system implementation and the like. The ASSURE model, on the other hand, is meant for the individual instructor to use when planning classroom use of media and technology.
If instructional media and technology are to be used effectively, there must be a match between the characteristics of the learner and the content of the methods, media, and materials. Therefore, the first step is analysis of the learners.
You cannot analyze every trait of your learners, but several factors are critical for making good methods and media decisions.
General characteristics include broad identifying descriptors such as age, grade level, job or position, and cultural or socioeconomic factors.
Specific entry competencies refer to knowledge and skills that learners either possess or lack: prerequisite skills, target skills, and attitudes.
Learning style refers to the spectrum of psychological traits that affect how we perceive and respond to different stimuli, such as anxiety, aptitude, visual or auditory preference, and motivation.
What learning outcome is each learner expected to achieve? More precisely, what new capability should learners possess at the completion of instruction?
An objective is not a statement of what the instructor plans to put into the lesson but of what learners ought to get out of the lesson. An objective is a statement of what will be achieved, not how it will be achieved.
You must know your objectives in order to make appropriate selection of methods and media. Your objectives will guide your sequence of learning activities and your choice of media. Knowing your objectives will also commit you to create a learning environment in which the objectives can be reached. Objectives also help insure proper evaluation. You won’t know whether your students have achieved an objective unless you are absolutely sure what that objective is. If objectives are clearly and specifically stated, learning and teaching become objective oriented.
Should be as specific as possible.
ABCDs of Objectives – Audience, Behavior, Conditions, Degree
A well-stated objective starts by naming the audience for whom the objective is intended. It then specifies the behavior or capability to be demonstrated and the conditions under which the behavior or capability will be observed. Finally, it specifies the degree to which the new skill must be mastered—the standard by which the capability can be judged.
A systematic plan for using media and technology certainly demands that the methods, media, and materials be selected systematically in the first place. The selection process has three steps: 1) deciding on the appropriate method for the given learning tasks, 2) choosing a media format that is suitable for carrying out the method and 3) selecting, modifying, or designing specific materials within that media format.
Never use instructional materials without previewing them first. During the selection process you should determine that the materials are appropriate for your audience and objectives.
Prepare the media and materials to support the instructional activities you plan to use. Gather all the materials and equipment that you and the students will need. Determine in what sequence you will use the materials and media. Some teachers keep a list of the materials and equipment needed for each lesson and an outline of the presentation sequence of the activities. Practice using the materials and equipment.
Prepare the environment so proper student use of the materials and media is possible. Some media require a darkened room, a convenient power source, and access to light switches. Check that equipment is in working order.
Prepare learners – inform them of objectives; give broad overview, rationale telling how it relates to topic being studied, motivating statement that creates a need to know, or cues directing attention to specific aspects of the lesson.
Conduct – Must direct attention in the classroom
Active participation enhances learning.
Effective learning demands active manipulation of information by learners.
Feedback is important. It can come from oneself (e.g., experiencing the “feel” of swinging a golf club), from print sources (turning to the back of the book to find the correct answer), from a device (computer provides corrective statement), or from others.
Most powerful is interpersonal feedback because face-to-face reactions are more vivid than printed or graphic.
The most effective learning situations are those that require learners to practice skills that build toward the objective. Learners should received feedback from the teacher or peers (small groups).