Volcanic Eruptions Are Awesome Manifestations Of Heat Flowing Non-Explosively As A Result Of Mantle Hot Spots (E.G., Hawaii And Iceland) Or Erupting Explosively (e.g., The Pacific Rim, Atlantic Ridge). Volcano Hazards Can Have Far Reaching Impacts Lava Flows: Lahars (Can Bury Villages); Earthquakes (Related To Movement Of magma); “volcanic Winter” (Causing Famine And Mass Extinctions). The Reasons For A Disaster To Occur: The Community Is Un-Prepared For What Will Likely Happen, Not To Mention The Low-Probability Of Occurrence—high-Probability-Of-Adverse- Consequences Event. The Community Has No Disaster Planning Scenario Or Warning System In Place As A Strategic Framework For Early Threat Identification And Coordinated Local, National, Regional, And International Countermeasures. The Community Is Inefficient During Recovery And Reconstruction Because It Has Not Learned From Either The Current Experience Or The Cumulative Prior Experiences. The Keys To Resilience: 1) Know The Eruptive History Of Your Region’s Volcanoes, 2) Be Prepared (e.g., exposure analysis (it is not enough to analyse the hazard) and then systematically analyse vulnerability/fragility of the exposed elements. 3) Have A Warning System 4) Evacuate 5) Learn From The Experience And Start Over. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction

1. NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISASTERS OF 2014
HIGHLIGHTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

2. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
are awesome manifestations
of heat flowing non-explosively
as a result of
mantle hot spots (e.g., Hawaii
and Iceland) or erupting
explosively in subduction
zones (e.g., the Pacific Rim).

3. ELEMENTS OF VOLCANIC
HAZARDS AND RISK

4. ELEMENTS OF RISK
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY LOCATION

5. LOCATIONS OF ACTIVE
VOLCANOES

6. VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• VERTICAL PLUME (can affect
jet aircraft)
• ASH AND TEPHRA
• LATERAL BLAST
• PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS,
BURSTS, AND FLOWS

7. VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS (can bury villages)
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing
famine and mass extinctions)

8. LATERAL BLAST
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
ASH PLUME AND
GASES
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
CAUSES
OF RISK
CASE HISTORIES

9. AIRLINES ON RED ALERT
AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTION
IN ICELAND
August 23, 2014

10. BARDARBUNGA ERUPTS

11. WHAT HAPPENED?
• After a week of seismic activity
rattled the uninhabited area 200
miles (320 kilometers) east of the
capital of Reykjavik with thou-sands
of earthquakes, Iceland's
Bardarbunga volcano began
erupting Saturday (Aug. 23rd) under
the country's largest glacier.

12. WHAT HAPPENED?
• An Iceland volcanologist said it
was not clear when, or if, the
eruption would melt through the
ice — which is between 100 and
400 meters (330 feet and 1,300 feet)
thick — and send steam and ash
into the air.

13. WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN?
• She said it could take up to a
day for the ice to melt — or the
eruption might remain
contained beneath Europe's
largest glacier.

14. OFFICIALS TAKE ACTION
• On Saturday, Icelandic authorities
declared a no-fly zone of 100 nautical
miles by 140 nautical miles around the
eruption, but did not shut down flights
in the rest of the country's airspace.

15. Officials Remembered the
Eruption of the
Eyjafjallajökull Volcano in
Southern Iceland
MARCH 20, 2010

16. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's
Eyjafjallajokul volcano
produced an ash cloud that
caused a week of international
aviation chaos, with more than
100,000 flights cancelled.

17. VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN JAPAN
Saturday, September 27, 2014

18. MOUNT ONTAKE
ERUPTS AFTER 35 YEARS
OF DORMANCY
ONTAKE, ONE OF 100 ACTIVE
VOLCANOES IN JAPAN, ERUPTED A
LITTLE BEFORE NOON ON
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

19. MOUNT ONTAKE: SATURDAY,
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

20. MOUNT ONTAKE: SATURDAY,
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

21. MOUNT ONTAKE: SATURDAY,
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

22. PHYSICAL IMPACTS
• With a sound likened to thunder,
the 10,065 foot (3,067 m) high
volcano spewed large white
plumes of gas and ash high into
the atmosphere and blanketed the
top and surrounding area with
volcanic debris and ash reaching
thicknesses of 50 cm or more.

23. MOUNT ONTAKE COVERED WITH ASH

24. MOUNT ONTAKE COVERED WITH ASH

25. LOCAL IMPACTS
The mountain is a popular climbing
destination, and an estimated 303 people
were initially trapped on the slopes.
At least 36 were killed; most made their
way down by Saturday night, but the
injured, unable to descend the 10,062-
foot mountain on their own, stayed in
mountain lodges.

26. HIKERS RETURNING: SATURDAY,
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

27. HIKERS RETURNING: SATURDAY,
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

28. INJURED HIKERS HAD TO TAKE
REFUGE IN ASH-COVERED LODGES

29. SATURDAY: INITIAL S AND R WITH
HELOCOPTERS

30. THE REST OF THE STORY
• On Sunday, a large plume of ash
continued to rise from the ash-covered
summit of Mount Ontake.
• A convoy of red fire trucks, sirens
blaring, rescue workers on foot, and
helicopters headed into the restricted
zone around the mountain for search
and rescue operations.

31. SUNDAY: BEGINNING OF S AND R
OPRATIONS

32. MOUNT ONTAKE: SUNDAY,
SEPTEMBER 28, 2014

33. SUNDAY: S AND R WORKERS
GOING THE WRONG WAY

34. Sunday: Rescue workers
had to suspend S and R
operations due to toxic
gases and volcano-induced
seismic activity

35. MONDAY: RESCUE WORKERS ABLE
TO REACH ASH-COVERED TOP

36. MONDAY: RESCUE WORKERS ABLE
TO REACH ASH-COVERED TOP

37. A HORRIFIC SCENE
• Rescue crews found harrowing
situations near the mountaintop;
the typical scenes were of victims
buried in ash with their arms and
legs emerging from gray volcanic
dust, or of bodies pressed between
rocks where they were trying to
find shelter.

38. Tuesday: SAR operations
were suspended as Mount
Ontake continued shaking
violently and coughing out
toxic steam.

39. DEATH TOLL REACHED 36
AT LEAST 69 INJURED

40. LAVA FLOW—A SILENT
VOLCANIC HAZARD IN HAWAII
Thursday, October 30, 2014
Monday, November 10, 2014

41. LAVA FLOW MOVING AT 5 M PER
HOUR TOWARDS PAHOA

42. WHAT HAPPENED?
• The lava from Kilauea, a non-explosive
volcano, that has been
erupting for years, emerged from a
vent in June.
• Traveling slowly, it entered Pahoa
on Oct. 26, when it crossed a
country road at the edge of town.

43. LAVA FLOW FROM KILAUEA CONTINUES
ITS ADVANCE TOWARD PAHOA

44. PAHOA HAWAII
• A contingent of National Guard
troops was dispatched to Pahoa on
Thursday, October 30, to provide
security to the Big Island
community that was being
threatened by the slow-moving
river of molten lava creeping
slowly towards the town's center.

45. WHAT HAPPENED?
• The leading edge of the molten rock
stalled at the edge of town on Oct. 30,
but lava began to break away at several
other upslope spots..
• Between October 30 and November 10,
the flow smothered part of a cemetery,
and burned down a garden shed, tires,
some metal materials, and vegetation.

46. Monday, November 10, 2014

47. LAVA FLOW ARRIVES AND SETS FIRE
TO FIRST HOUSE

48. WHAT HAPPENED?
• The 200 degree molten rock set fire to
the first house in Pahoa around midday
on Monday, November 10th .
• The house was allowed to burn as
firefighters took actions to prevent its
spread to other houses.
• The home's occupants had already left
the residence.

49. WHAT IS NEXT?
• Officials were working on safe
evacuation routes and plans.
• Many residents had evacuated.
• Having put their belongings in
storage, others were prepared to leave
for a friend’s house, or elsewhere, if
necessary when the lava got closer.

50. THE REASONS FOR A
DISASTER TO OCCUR. . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED
for what will likely
happen, not to mention the
low-probability of occurrence—
high-probability-of-adverse-consequences
event.

51. THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER
PLANNING SCENARIO or
WARNING SYSTEM in place as a
strategic framework for early threat
identification and coordinated
local, national, regional, and
international countermeasures.

52. THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE
CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a
timely and effective manner to
the full spectrum of expected
and unexpected emergency
situations.

53. THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT
during recovery and
reconstruction because it HAS
NOT LEARNED from either the
current experience or the
cumulative prior experiences.

54. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL
VOLCANIC-- ERUPTION
DISASTER LABORATORIES

55. WHAT MAKES THESE 11
VOLCANOES DANGEROUS
• Eyjafjallajökull
and Katla
(ICELAND)
• Chaiten
• Krakatau
• Merapi
• Vesuvius
• Pinatubo
• Mount Rainier
• Nevada del Ruiz
• Popocatepl
• Nyirangongo
(CONGO)

56. ELEVEN OF THE WORLD’S
NOST DANGEROUS
VOLCANOES
THE NEXT ERUPTION OF THESE 11
ACTIVE VOLCANOES IS LIKELY TO BE
DEVASTATING LOCALLY, REGIONALLY,
AND GLOBALLY

57. LOCATED NEAR CITIES AND
INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE ROUTES
An eruption of any one of these
eleven volcanoes is certain to be
devastating to people, their
property, their health, the
economy, and, sometimes, the
regional air space.

58. RISK ASSESSMENT
•HAZARD MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES COMMUNITY
AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
VOLCANO DISASTER
RESILIENCE
POLICY OPTIONS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION

59. THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE:
1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,
2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM
4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE
EXPERIENCE AND START OVER