We continue to operate with a flawed premise: Knowledge from tsunami disasters, which occur in association with great subduction zone earthquakes in the Pacific and Indian oceans and are very well understood, therefore tsunami disaster resilience should be accomplished relatively easily by vulnerable countries. Unfortunately, the fact of the matter is, tsunamis are not annual events; they are also complex, so most nations, whether impacted or not, usually are slow to adopt and implement policies based on science and recent catastrophic events making tsunami disaster resilience a very elusive goal to achieve. What have we learned from recent past tsunamis to increase survivability? First of all, the timing of anticipatory actions is vital. People who know: 1) what to expect (e.g., strong ground motion, soil effects, tsunami wave run up, ground failure), where and when tsunamis have historically happened, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare for them, will survive. Secondly, timely, realistic disaster scenarios save lives. The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of vulnerabilities, and hence the risks associated with strong ground shaking, tsunami wave run up, and ground failure will survive. Thirdly, Emergency preparedness and response eight slides. The “Uncontrollable and Unthinkable” events will always hinder the timing of emergency response operations, especially the search and rescue operations that are limited to “the golden 48 hours.” The local community’s capacity for emergency health care (i,e., coping with damaged hospitals and medical facilities, lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality) is vital for survival. And finally, earthquake engineer building save lives. Buildings engineered to withstand the risks from an earthquake’s strong ground shaking and ground failure that cause damage, collapse, and loss of function, is vital for protecting occupants and users from death and injury. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction

1. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL
DISASTER LABORATORIES
PART 6: TSUNAMIS

2. TSUNAMIS OCCUR MOST OFTEN
AS CIRCUM-PACIFIC EVENTS
• CIRCUM-PACIFIC
NATIONS ARE
PRONE TO
SUBDUCTION-
ZONE EARTH-
QUAKES AND
TSUNAMIS

3. TSUNAMIS ALSO OCCUR IN THE
INDIAN OCEAN (e.g., Dec. 26, 2004)

4. TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUND
SHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION
FAILURE
SITE
AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSS

5. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
GLOBAL
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”

6. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF
INCOMING WAVES
TSUNAMIS
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE
RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE
RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF
BUILDINGS
FLOODING
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL
AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF
TSUNAMI
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”

7. WE CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITH
A FLAWED PREMISE:
KNOWLEDGE FROM TSUNAMI
DISASTERS, WHICH OCCUR IN
ASSOCIATION WITH GREAT
SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES IN
THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS,
IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY NATION
ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES TO
FACILITATE DISASTER RESILIENCE

8. FACT: TSUNAMIS ARE NOT
ANNUAL EVENTS; THEY ARE ALSO
COMPLEX, SO MOST NATIONS,
WHETHER IMPACTED OR NOT,
USUALLY ARE SLOW TO ADOPT
AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES
DESIGNED TO MOVE THEM
TOWARDS TSUNAMI DISASTER
RESILIENCE

9. EXAMPLES OF PAST
TSUNAMI DISASTER
LABORATORIES

10. GREAT SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE-
INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI DISASTER
DECEMBER 26, 2004

11. 230,000 DEAD AFTER
EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
• INDONESIA (Dec.
26, 2004): M9.3
earthquake
followed by
tsunami waves.

12. LOCATION

15. BEFORE AND AFTER THE
DISASTER
• SOURCE OF IMAGES:
SPACE IMAGING/CRISP-
SINGAPORE
• NOTE: A TSUNAMI CAN
TRAVEL AT SPEEDS OF 800
KM/HR IN THE DEEP OCEAN

16. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

17. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

18. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

19. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

20. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

21. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

22. DECEMBER 26, 2004 INDONESIA
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI DISASTER
• TRIGGERED BY A SHALLOW, M 9.3
EARTHQUAKE LOCATED 260 KM (155
MI) FROM BANDA ACEH, SUMATRA
• TSUNAMI WAVES WITH WAVE
HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND RUNUP
OF 3.3 KM OR MORE ON COASTS OF
12 NATIONS
• NO WARNING SYSTEM

23. DECEMBER 26, 2004 INDONESIA
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI DISASTER
• THERE WAS AN IMMEDIATE NEED
FOR FOOD, WATER, AND HEALTH
CARE SERVICES TO PREVENT “A
HEALTH-CARE DISASTER” AFTER
THE TSUNAMI DISASTER.

24. EXAMPLE: 30,000 DEAD AFTER
EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
• JAPAN (March
2011):

25. RADIATION RELEASE FROM NUCLEAR
POWER PLANT
• JAPAN (March
2011): The
unthinkable
happened after
the earth-
quake/tsunami.

26. THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING
CENTER HAS A VITAL ROLE IN
ISSUING TSUNAMI WARNINGS

27. TSUNAMI WAVES:NATON
MYIAGI PREFECTURE

28. TSUNAMI WAVES: COAST OF
NORTHERN JAPAN

29. OARAI INUNDATED BY
TSUNAMI

30. TSUNAMI WAVS: SENDAI
AIRPORT

31. SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED
WITH MUD FROM TSUNAMI

32. SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED
WITH CARS, MUD, & DEBRIS

33. TSUNAMI DAMAGE

34. FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR
FACILITY HAD 3 FAILURES

35. EVACUATION OF CHILDREN

36. SEARCH AND RESCUE

37. THE TSUNAMI TRAVELED
ACROSS THE PACIFIC

38. TSUNAMI WAVE PATH

39. EXAMPLE: SURPRISE! DEBRIS FROM
JAPAN’S TSUNAMI NOW IN USA
• RADIOACTIVE
DEBRIS A YEAR
AFTER THE MARCH
2011 EARTHQUAKE
AND TSUNAMI

40. EXAMPLE: MASS CARE OF SUR-
VIVORS AFTER QUAKE AND TSUNAMI
• CHILE EARTHQUAKE:
“The race against time”
to save lives and
protect property
starts immediately.

41. LESSON: THE KNOWLEDGE AND TIMING
OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL
• The people who know: 1) what to
expect (e.g., strong ground motion,
soil effects, tsunami wave run up,
ground failure), 2) where and when
they will happen, and 3) what they
should (and should not) do to
prepare for them will survive.

42. LESSON: TIMELY, REALISTIC
DISASTER SCENARIOS SAVE LIVES
• The people who have timely,
realistic, advance information that
facilitates reduction of
vulnerabilities, and hence the risks
associated with strong ground
shaking, tsunami wave run up, and
ground failure will survive.

43. SCHEMATIC OF TSUNAMI
WARNING SYSTEM

44. LESSON: EMERGENCY RESPONSE
SAVES LIVES
• The “Uncontrollable and
Unthinkable” events will always
hinder the timing of emergency
response operations, especially the
search and rescue operations that
are limited to “the golden 48 hours.”

45. LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL
PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES
• The local community’s capacity for
emergency health care (i,e., coping
with damaged hospitals and medical
facilities, lack of clean drinking
water, food, and medicine, and
high levels of morbidity and
mortality) is vital for survival.

46. LESSON: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERED
BUILDINGS SAVE LIVES
• Buildings engineered to withstand
the risks from an earthquake’s
strong ground shaking and ground
failure that cause damage, collapse,
and loss of function, is vital for
protecting occupants and users
from death and injury.

47. LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNITY ALWAYS PROVIDES AID
• The International Community
provides millions to billions of
dollars in relief to help “pick up the
pieces, ” but this strategy is not
enough by itself to ensure
earthquake disaster resilience.

48. YOUR
COMMUNITY
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•MONITORING
•SCENARIO MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
BOOKS OF
KNOWLEDGE
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•/EARLY WARNING
•EM RESPONSE
•RECOSTRUCTION AND
RECOVERY
TSUNAMI DISASTER
RESILIENCE

49. PILLARS OF TSUNAMI DISASTER
RESILIENCE
Anticipatory Preparedness
Adoption and Implementation of a Modern
Earthquake Engineering Building Code
Realistic Tsunami Disaster Scenarios
Timely Emergency Response (including
Emergency Medical Services)
Cost-Effective Reconstruction & Recovery

50. THE CHALLENGE:
POLICY CHANGES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND
REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND
PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE
KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR
MOVING TOWARDS TSUNAMI DISASTER
RESILIENCE

51. AN UNDER-UTILIZED GLOBAL
STRATEGY TO CREATE
TURNING POINTS FOR
TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
 USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES
CONTAINING THE PAST AND
PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND
ACCELERATE POLICY CHANGES

52. MOVING TOWARDS THE MUST-HAPPEN
GLOBAL STRATEGY TO ACHIEVE
TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
• INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH
POLITICAL SOLUTIONS IN EVERY
NATION FOR REALISTIC POLICIES ON
PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, EARLY
WARNING, DISASTER SCENARIOS,
EMERGENCY RESPONSE,
RECONSTRUCTION, AND RECOVERY

53. EXAMPLE: 2014 TSUNAMI
SCENARIO FOR ALASKA (USGS)