3. Let us start with simple filtration The sieve is a crude filtration apparatus but using the coffee filter makes it better.

4. Filtrate goes through the filter paper. The residue get trapped by the filter paper residue filtrate

5. The usual set up for filtration

6. Suction filtration This method is faster once it is set up because a water pump sucks out the air beneath the filter paper

7. CHROMATOGRAPHY

8. The dyes stick and unstick to the paper many thousands of times as they move up the paper. The difference in ‘stickyness’ separates the dyes.

9. PHYSICAL SEPARATIONS Chromatography

10. At the start the dyes are placed in the solvent in a closed container The chromatogram at the end of the run. The sovent front is marked with a pencil

11. Chromatography This is what it may look like whilst the solvent front rises up the paper. One doesn’t always need expensive apparatus!

12. The results can look complicated BUT, with the help of R f values we can simplify them

14. Really simple distillation

15. Simple distillation

16. OTHER VERSIONS of SIMPLE DISTILLATION

17. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION Fractional distillation This differs from simple distillation by using a fractionating column between the flask and the cold water condenser. It may be used to separate liquids with closer boiling points

18. Fractional distillation This is what an industrial version looks like on the inside

19. CENTRIFUGE (The spinning machine)

20. Using a separating funnel This is used to separate liquids which do not mix by pouring off the separate liquids

21. More separating funnels

22. MAGNETIC SEPARATIONS

24. Using sublimation

25. Using sublimation An experiment using a piece of air freshener