Credit to Dr Deva Gosh

1. INTRODUCTION TO OIL & GAS
Part 1 : Energy
UTP Course For Beginners
Dr Deva Ghosh
Professor in Geophysics
Head Center of seismic Imaging ( C.S. I )
Compiled by Muhammad Najmi 6/10/2011

2. World Energy Sources

3. Future Prospects of Oil & Gas
Oil
Coal
Gas
Renewable
Nuclear

4. Power Balance : Fossil Fuel Reserves
LEGEND BARS
OIL
GAS
COAL
ENERGY USAGE

5. Electricity Usage at Night
Power Map : The colour-coded image of the Earth at
night shows the use of electricity for Lighting is
concentrated in industrialized regions(yellow)
The red parts correspond to oil flares.

6. Historical Development Wells Drilled in Malaysia

7. Countries With Natural Oil Reserves Greater Than 3 BSTB

8. Countries With Natural Gas Reserves Greater Than 20 TSCF

9. World –Wide Distribution of Natural Gas Reserves

10. G.O.M. Offshore Platforms in Deepwater

11. PETRONAS a Fortune 500 Company **
Has interest in 30 countries
TOP TEN **
@ Profit
@ Return in
Asset &
Revenue
44% of Malaysia’s Govt.
revenue contributed by
PETRONAS
Including Malaysia

12. Malaysia Oil and Gas Fields
M’SIA/THAI JOINT
DEVELOPMENT
JOINT DEVELOPMENT
M’SIA/VIETNAM
Production Breakdown
Sabah
8%
PM 42%
Sarawak 50%

13. Malaysia Oil Production Breakdown
and Gas Sabah
8%
Reserves PM 42%
(billion barrels)
Sarawak 50%
Reserve ( B.O.E )
(billion barrels)
Production
(million barrels)
Oil & Condensate 23rd
(World Ranking)
Natural Gas 14th

14. Oil and gas fields/discoveries in Malay Basin

15. Geological History of The Earth
Geological
Period PRESENT
PAST

16. Shifting Continent
Alfred Waegner Theory of
Continental drift
Based on matching Coast line.
However he said
Geological studies has to
give the evidences

17. S.E. ASIA BASIN EVOLUTION EARLY EOCENE (~55 MA) TO Curreny
500ma
40 ma
10 ma
0
60 ma
20 ma
30
30
20
EarlyOligocene
EarlyOligocene
Late Eocene
Paleocene
Late Eocene
Eocene
Eocene
Late Miocene
Late Miocene
Early Miocene
Present Miocene
Early day
Present day
1) Collision of India plate moving eastward with Asia
plate
2) Further Collision with Australia plate moving
Northward
Modified. from Scotese and PALEOMAP (2005) Courtesy Harry Doust

18. Delta Satellite Images
Mekong Delta, Thailand
Mahakam Delta, East Niger Delta, Nigeria
Kalimantan, Indonesia

19. Bay of Bengal,
Ganges Delta, India
India
DELTA IMAGES
Turkmenistan Ural Delta,
Delta Kazakhstan

20. S.E. Asia Basin Geometry
Satellite View
Pacific
Deepwater
Mature
VARIOUS CONSON
BASINS
MALAY
SARAWAK SABAH
SUMATRA
200 KM
SEG Research Workshop, KL 2008

21. Malay Basin Geology
Malay basin is a prolific
Petroleum Tertiary basin that
has seen four decades of
extensive E & P activity.
It is an extensional deep
(12Km) mature, NW trending
basin. With dimension 500 X
200 sq km
Exploration is focused in
Miocene stratigraphic. Units
called Group E to K .
Youngest to oldest.
Courtesy PETRONAS

22. S.E. Asia Basin Geometry

23. Petroleum System Processes
Gas
Cap
Oil
Entrapment Water Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock
Migration
120° F
350° F
Generation
24803
Source: AAPG
Source: AAPG

24. Example of Gas Field in an Oil Field

25. H.C. OCCURRENCE PROBABILITY MAP
MALAY BASIN
K GRP SOURCE ROCK I GRP
OIL & GAS FIELDS
LACUSTRINE. COALY
THICK THIN
THIN
Oil and gas distribution is a Combination of
the source rock distribution & their
maturity .
Gas is generated at high maturity
MATURITY MAP
Oil and gas distribution function of source rock and their maturity

26. LIFE OF FIELD
Exploration
Block Frontier Prospect
Planning Drilling
Acquisition Exploration Evaluation
Appraisal
Reserve &
Discovery Volumes Appraisal
Economic
Field Development
PVT
Reservoir Production Development Infill
Simulation RFT
Static Model DST Forecast Plan Drilling
Secondary Recovery
FLOODING
SECONDARY PRODUCER &
EOR INJECTION
INJECTOR
RECOVERY

27. THE G & G LINK
GEOLOGY
SEISMIC
DATA
*
ACQUISITION
VIBROSEIS SEISMIC DATA
SOURCE
Subsurface is explored by exciting the earth by a SOURCE like , Dynamite or VIBROSEIS.
This creates a seismic wave that enters the subsurface and is returned to the surface by
the Reflection process in the form of a Seismic Response, that is recorded on the surface
by a sensor ( geophone/hydrophone)
27

28. LIFE OF FIELD
EXPLORATIO / APPRAISAL / DEVELOPME T / PRODUCTIO .
GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICS OTHERS
Outcrops Seismic Acquisition Gravity magnetic
Basin Study Seismic Processing Positioning
Sequence Strat Seismic Interpretation Remote Sensing
Geochemistry Seismic Evaluation Core & Sidewall
Sample
Structural Geology Rock Physics Pressure
Sedimentlogy
Wire line Log
Biostratigraphy
Integrated G&G Studies
DRILLING
28

29. ALLIED DISCIPLINES
INFLUENCING G & G
PETROLEUM
PETROPHYSICS RESERVOIR
ENGG.
G&G
COMPUTER PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY DRILLING ECONOMICS

30. Carbonate G @ G Link
PSTM Stack Line 1990
Seismic
Outcrop
30

31. DEEPWATER SUBMARINE FAN
MODELS
- sandy channels confined by
muddy levees
31

32. DEEP WATER TURBIDITE
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
32

33. DEEPWATER IMAGES
Brazil
West Nile Delta
Courtesy Enterprise Oil/Shell
West Africa
L in e 3
Courtesy BG plc
Courtesy BP
500m
33

34. SUMANDAK BURIED HILL PLAY
DEPOSITIONAL MODEL
N
N SB3
SB2
SB1
FS1
TS1
TS2
FS1
TS1
TS2
Deposition of sand during high stand
Truncation during low stand event
N
SB4 IVC
SB3
SB2
SB1
IVA
FS1
SEAL?
TS2 TS1
Overlain by clay during subsequence transgressive event
34

35. SUMANDAK COMPLEX
TIME
STRUCTURE
AMPLITUDE
MAP
SEISMIC
35

36. FORWARD & INVERSE SEISMIC
PROBLEM
START END
ACQUISITION Structure
SYSTEMS Velocity
Rock, Fluid, Lithology
t
MODELLING
WAVELET
RECOVER
GEOLOGY
EARTH PROPOGATION
INVERSION
EFFECT
t
* DECONVOLVE
CONVOLVE
*
EARTH MODEL
• Vp, Vs, ρ
• Porosity SEISMIC RESPONSE
• Structure
• Saturation 36

37. EOR Application in Malay Basin
EOR CHALLENGES
1) Production comes from offshore fields
where EOR is challenging and expensive.
2) Well spacing is coarse at 1000ft to 3000ft.
3) Many wells are deviated
4) Facilities are ageing 20 years or older.
5) 5) The reservoirs are complex, and compartmentalized.
6) Fields are mature and reservoirs depleted.
7) Oil is light with API around 45 degrees.
8)Reservoir temperatures are high
37

38. GEOHAZARD CLASSIFICATION
FLOWCHART
SHALLOW GAS
FLUID EXPULSIO
MUD VOLCA OES
POCKMARKS
SHALLOW WATER FLOW
SAND FLOW
GAS HYDRATES
FISSURES
B.S.R. CRATERS
GEO-HAZARD
CLASSIFICATIO
SLUMPI G
OVER-PRESSURES LA DSLIDES
BLOW-OUT FAULTS GORGES
I STABILITY

39. GEOHAZARD IMAGES
GAS CHIMNEY
A B
Ring faulting of seabed B
C Gas wipeout A
Fissures/erocis C

40. GEOHAZARD IMAGES
MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE
Gas bubbling in water
Magic of Seismic in detecting Gas bubbling in water

41. MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE HAZARD
(GAS BUBBLING NEAR PLATFORM)

42. SINKING OF DRILLING RIG
DUE TO GAS HAZARD
1 2
3 4
Gas escape causes Seawater density to drop resulting in the Platform to sink

43. Improving Pore Pressure Prediction
Thermal Effects
New Prospect
P-T G radient = 0.5-1.0 M pa/°C
Pore Pressure Prediction Pressure (ppg, M W E )
7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0
In the Malay basin 2000
2500
Top of Overpressure
3000
Depth (m)
0
Seism ic P redic tion
-200 Tangga-2 Bujang-4 Noring-2 Inas-1 3500
Bujang-2 Sepat-1 T.Barat Guling-1 Trend Estim ation
-400 Bujang-3A Sepat-2 Melor-1 Melor-2
-600 Hard Overpressure
4000
-800
-1000
-1200
4500
-1400
Thermal Effects Included in Trend
Depth (m TVDSS)
-1600
Onset of Overpre ssure Generation
-1800
L i th 5000
-2000 os
ta ti
-2200
cS
tre
ss
-2400 P -T G r a d ie n t = 0 .5 - 1 .0 M p a /° C
-2600 20
ppg
-2800 P r e s s u r e (p p g , M W E )
18
-3000 pp 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
g
-3200 Expected High Pressure Zones 14
16
pp
1500
pp g
-3400 g
10
8.
12
33
pp
-3600 1700
pp
pp
g
g
g
-3800
-4000
1900
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
0 500 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500 6500 7500 8500 9500
Pressure (psi) 2100
Depth (m)
2300
2500
2700
Perfect Match with Observed
2900
pressure (green) in Well Trend
Thermal Effects Included Perfect Match with Observed
in Trend Generation pressure (green) in Well Trend
Courtesy PRSB-UTP