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Similaire à Green Chemistry Engineering Introduction
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Green Chemistry Engineering Introduction
- 1. American Institute of Chemical Engineers – Delaware Valley Section An Introduction to Green Chemistry and Engineering November 18 th 2011 Ken Rollins CEng, FIChemE
- 21. American Institute of Chemical Engineers – Delaware Valley Section
- 26. American Institute of Chemical Engineers – Delaware Valley Section Concepts of Inherent Safety Intensification Using less of a hazardous material. Smaller (intensified) equipment can reduce the hazardous inventory and minimize the consequences of accidents Attenuation Using a hazardous material in a less hazardous form, for example, a diluted acid rather than a concentrated one. Larger particle size to minimize a dust explosion hazard. Substitution Using safer material. Water instead of a flammable solvent.
Notes de l'éditeur
- 1. We’re not going to talk about green buildings, biodegradable packaging, or bio-based renewables – those are for other webinars
- Mention Paul Anastas
- Notice the safety theme here
- Ibuprofen by the Boots Process (UK) used 43 H atoms, 20 C atoms, 1 N, 1 Cl, 1 Na, 10 O atoms to produce Ibuprofen C13H18O2. 43 out of 75 input atoms are wasted. Ibuprofen by the improved 3 step BHC Process (UK) used 22 H atoms, 15 C atoms,and 4 O atoms to produce Ibuprofen C13H18O2. only 9 out of 41 input atoms are wasted.
- Carbon dioxide is in its supercritical fluid state when both the temperature and pressure equal or exceed the critical point of 31°C and 73 atmos. In its supercritical state, CO 2 has both gas-like and liquid-like qualities, and it is this dual characteristic of supercritical fluids that provides the ideal conditions for extracting compounds with a high degree of recovery in a short period of time. By controlling or regulating pressure and temperature, the density, or solvent strength, of supercritical fluids can be altered to simulate organic solvents ranging from chloroform to methylene chloride to hexane. This dissolving power can be applied to purify, extract, fractionate, infuse, and recrystallize a wide array of materials. Because CO 2 is non-polar, a polar organic co-solvent (or modifier) can be added to the supercritical fluid for processing polar compounds. By controlling the level of pressure/temperature/modifier, supercritical CO2 can dissolve a broad range of compounds, both polar and non-polar. SCO2 is used widescale in the decaffeination of coffee. SCO2 is a medium in which to perform safer hydrogenation reactions. Supercritical water is water at temperatures above 374 deg. C and 220 atmospheres. It behaves both as a gas and as a liquid, like other supercritical fluids. One interesting use is the supercritical water oxidation of hazardous materials such as PCBs. In supercritical conditions, the behavior of water as a solvent is altered (in comparison to that of subcritical liquid water) - it behaves much less like a polar solvent. As a result, the solubility behavior is "reversed" so that chlorinated hydrocarbons become soluble in the water, allowing single phase reaction of aqueous waste with a dissolved oxidizer. Salts also precipitate out of solution, meaning they can be treated using conventional methods for solid-waste residuals. Efficient oxidation reactions occur at low temperature (400-650 °C). Ionic liquids are low melting point salts. They have no vapor pressure, and are chemically and thermally stable. Viscosities are only slightly higher than conventional solvents. Apart from chlorinated examples most are non-corrosive. They are currently expensive Ionic liquids can be used as extremely selective solvents for liquid-liquid extraction – aromatics (BTX) from reformate aromatic/alephatic mixtures Ionic liquids can be used as a medium for a variety of organic reactions, many at room temperature
- Note the Safety Theme Note the similarities with GC 12 Principles - Eng #1 like Chem #2, Eng #2 like Chem #1, Eng #7 like Chem #10 etc
- Don’t design for imortality