1. URBANIZATION
 By Errol Orion Farley

2. Clough
Article
Late 19th and early 20th century business used New York
City as a home base for operations due to it’s
geographical position between all other states and Europe.
Such largely successful men as John Rockefeller, Henry
Ford, and Andrew Carnegie all made their riches outside
New York but used it to set up shop, partly due to the cities
prestigious reputation for success. Now with e-trade
rendering geographical location somewhat meaningless
New York is loosing it’s stronghold on the American dollar
as e-commerce is portable enough to be done anywhere
that there is internet connectivity. While New York
certainly was the undeniable king of the 20th century the
question now moves to which city will be the new
economic powerhouse of America when New York leaves
its throne. Unless certain companies (yahoo, AOL,
Amazon, etc.) come together, as Rockefeller and company
did, and decide where the next trade capital of America
shall be located then New York might just keep the title or
another country might just steal it away from us.

3. Kotkin
articles
 In the past 25 years a score of cities over seas that
were previously only known for their absolute poverty
are building skyscrapers and being put on the map as
the #1 way to spend your buck.
 Calgary in Canada and Houston and Dallas in Texas
have grown 6x faster in the past decade than NY, LA
or SF. These cities are turning into centers for world
trade, thereby being called ‘world cities’.
 Now Asia has more skyscrapers than North America.
 New York once started as a grimy, peasant infested
city with little prospects just like so many cities around
the world. With New Yorks humble beginnings and
opulence today it begs the question of exactly what
seemingly futureless cities will emerge from the dirt to
sweep the world in a storm of economic boom and
social betterment.

4. America Compared: Brown
 Gridded Lives – This is about two cities and their similarity to each other, one city is a prison city in Kazakhstan
and the other is a railroad city in Texas. Actual names don't really matter, its the idea the book is trying to get
across that’s important
 Cities designed in grids for efficiency (one for marching prisoners through, but still same result)
 Cites were built on barren lots, seemed like nothing could have ever lived there.
 Barren lots were not always barren. natives were forced off the land. Indians in Texas and nomads in
Kazakhstan.
 Texas city is failed, nothing lies there now but an empty lot due to lack of "survivalness" of the place. instead of
being built 2 miles north by rivers and fertile ground, rail road tycoon Billings built it right off the railroad. Hyped it
up, sold housing lots and.. nothing got built. People bought the lots because it was hyped up but they never
planned on living there.
 Kazakhstan prison city is now a flourishing city. after the prisoners were released, the city was made into a
unrecognizable (as a prison) city with stores and houses and things to do.
 Era of speed cities. cities were build at record speeds, there was no time to wait. races to build cities in weeks
rather then months commenced (all over).
 Indians and nomads were "normalized" and taught how to be civilized. this included learning how to farm and

5. America Compared:
Nugent
GREAT TRANSATLANTIC MIGRATIONS
 Tons of migration from Europe to the Americas
 Most north Europeans went to north America
 Most Mediterranean's went to south America.
 America is much like brazil in this aspect, and Canada is much like Argentina
ARGENTINA
 Argentina had the largest swell of immigrants proportionately. example, census showed
that 30% of national population was foreign born.
 Land remained controlled by small groups of rich.
 Most everyone else rented. the poor had little chance of acquiring ownership.
BRAZIL
 Small amounts of immigrants.
 Remoteness and primitive farming methods lead to poor economy in the early colonies
 Census revealed 3.8% foreign born
 Most immigration was labor seeking, labor was land and agricultural rather then factories
and industry

6. America Compared: Rybczynski
 City land of dollar, we’re dealing with Chicago here.
 A city that boomed out of nowhere.
 The city burned down but the residents of Chicago were not ready to give up and persisted
to create a strong industrial center for economic growth. So they rebuilt it from the ground
up. They used the burned down city as an excuse to build a better one and build a better
one they did.
 Tried to be a modern city. set up street lamps right after Thomas Edison invents light bulb.
used cable cars after they were used in other cities. Upgraded to electric cars as well.
Changed from brick buildings to steel buildings and used elevators to make it actually
practical to have a tall building.
 Chicago was the tallest city of it's time
 Invented 'downtown' to be a safe fun experience for the woman. Shopping and advertising
was a key ingredient to luring these typical women into downtown to spend all their
husbands hard earned money in just one block.
 Spent most money prettying up bottom floors of buildings instead of all of the floors -
proof that Chicago was all about glamour and first impressions/luring.
 Urbanization is connection of people to people
 Even before telephones and other fast forms of media, day to day people were eager to
keep up to date on the happenings of the world thru newspaper and travelers tales.
 Cites were bound to happen in one way or the other. With an expanding frontier loaded
with possibilities, resources and an ever expanding population (including extremely large
amounts of migration into America from all over the world).
 Industrial expansion of late 19th century is what made Chicago turn from village to
metropolis.

7. Foreign Policy: Farley’s World
 While Kotkin and Khanna have almost completely different ideas of where the world
is headed and think they are both correct in their individual hypothesis's, I believe
that it will actually be a blending of the both.
 As a side note I would like to point out that Kotkin stated Tokyo had over 26 million
people in 1975 and Khanna stated Tokyo had 20 million in 1980. Correct figures
and times? http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/tokyo.as Says that
Tokyo didn’t have 26.5 mil untill 1995.
 As cities continue to grow, Khanna would have us believe that suburban sprawl is
undesirable and inefficient but in many cases it is the preferred way of life. The
‘decent god fearing’ family would have a hard time raising like minded children in a
city of 100 million with over 600,00 people populating a mere square mile.
 Kotkin accepts the prediction that megacities will be the primary powerhouse for
economic expansion but will most likely hold only a poor quality of life for its
inhabitants. People need their space and in megacities they won’t get that. The
prime example of a highly industrialized, technologically innovative, smart and
affluent suburban society would be Silicon Valley. With the advent of live video
chat, in the palm of your hand or on your desktop, business meetings will be able to
take place from the comfort of one’s own home.
 In my world of tomorrow I see both of these things POTENTIALLY happening

8. Foreign Policy: Kotkin’s Suburbia
 As the world turns and each new morning brings a new day,
Kotkin believes that the average person is striving for a
house with a white picket fence and a family. While the world
population explodes rapidly and the quality of its citizens lives
improves they naturally strive for a better way of life. Kotkin
believes that there will be an expansive future in the
suburban housing track communities because of the
commercialization of this life of ours and the ever broadening
desire to be so ‘average’.
 In the most very basic point of view Kotkins future conflicts
with Khanna’s but from the American standpoint it makes so
much sense.
 Entire Communities housing thousands of people can be
constructed in mere weeks.

9. Foreign Policy: Khanna’s Cities
 Currently more than half of the world lives in cities and that
number is growing rapidly. Khanna predicts “knowledge
cities” being megalopolises that will define this new urban
age with ‘jagged skylines that stretch as far as the eye can
see’ with the ‘tens of millions’ in population. With megacities
like this emerging the innovation of technology and diversity
of life will have no chance but to skyrocket parallel to the
incline of the population and economic growth if Khanna is
correct in his assumption.
 In 1980 Tokyo’s population of 20 million was mind blowing
but today our minds are being calibrated to accept Shanghai
and Mubai’s 100 million of tomorrow. With these kinds of
numbers I believe that crime will have no choice but to
increase in likelihood and severity, causing a sharp increase
in big government controlling more and more of the city-
dwellers life, which in turn is a bad thing for the individual but