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2013.05.29 ecological and genealogical patterns

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Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? Emanuele Serrelli “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences - University of Milano Bicocca, ITALY Lisbon Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab - Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it http://www.epistemologia.eu 1
Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? Emanuele Serrelli “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences - University of Milano Bicocca, ITALY Lisbon Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab - Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it http://www.epistemologia.eu 1 Ecological patterns are the ones that can be captured by following physical and chemical flows and cycles.
Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? Emanuele Serrelli “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences - University of Milano Bicocca, ITALY Lisbon Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab - Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it http://www.epistemologia.eu 1 Ecological patterns are the ones that can be captured by following physical and chemical flows and cycles. Genealogical patterns are those that can be followed and fully captured by following 'bloodlines', related lineages, and their common ancestry.
2 Ecological patterns are the ones that can be captured by following physical and chemical flows and cycles. Genealogical patterns are those that can be followed and fully captured by following 'bloodlines', related lineages, and their common ancestry.
3 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 “By ecology we mean the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature, the total relations of the animal to both its inorganic and organic environment; including its friendly and inimical relations with those animals and plants with which it comes into contact. In a word, all the complex relationships referred to as the struggle for existence”
4 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859
5 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 6 Population genetics “models” 4 Loci, alleles, frequencies zygotes mutation selection ? complication intractability Hardy-Weinberg eq.
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 7
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 8
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 8
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 9
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 9 “It is becoming increasingly apparent that a complete answer to any question should deal with physiological, adaptational and evolutionary aspects of the problem. The evolutionary process of becoming yields the most profound understanding of biological systems at all levels of organization. The non- evolutionary answer to the question of why an animal is abundant in some parts of its range and rare in others is of necessity incomplete”
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 9 “It is becoming increasingly apparent that a complete answer to any question should deal with physiological, adaptational and evolutionary aspects of the problem. The evolutionary process of becoming yields the most profound understanding of biological systems at all levels of organization. The non- evolutionary answer to the question of why an animal is abundant in some parts of its range and rare in others is of necessity incomplete” "Ecology […] has its descriptive generalizations, such as the principle of competitive exclusion, but as in other fields, evolution would seem to be the only real theory of ecology today. Even if one strongly believes in the action of natural selection it is exceedingly difficult, as Darwin pointed out, to keep it always firmly in mind. Neglect of natural selection in ecological thinking is, therefore, understandable though regretable. However, its deliberate exclusion in these years following the Darwin centennial would seem to be exceedingly unwise"
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 10
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 11
12 http://www.homosapiens.net
13 deMenocal, P.B., 2004.African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene–Pleistocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 220(1-2), pp.3–24.
14 80-60 Kya Roger Lewin (1996), Le origini dell’uomo moderno, Zanichelli, p. 121 // Bernard Wood 2008
15 Hierarchy Theory of evolution Eldredge 1986 “organisms seem to be both energy conversion machines and reproducing ‘packages’ of genetic information. As such they are integrated simultaneously into two largely separate, but interacting kinds of general systems” (1986, p. 351)
Eldredge 2003 Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
Eldredge 2003 Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
Eldredge 2003 Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
Eldredge 2003 Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 18
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 18
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 18
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 19 4 mutation selection ? complication intractability
Kylafis, G. & Loreau, M., 2008. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of niche construction for its agent. Ecology letters, 11(10), pp.1072–81.
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Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? 25
Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? 25
Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? 25 Patterns in the natural world are extremely important. [...] They pose both the questions and the answers that scientists formulate as they seek to describe the world [...]. Science is a search for resonance between mind and natural pattern as we try to answer these questions. (Eldredge 1999, pp. 4-5)
Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? 25 Patterns in the natural world are extremely important. [...] They pose both the questions and the answers that scientists formulate as they seek to describe the world [...]. Science is a search for resonance between mind and natural pattern as we try to answer these questions. (Eldredge 1999, pp. 4-5) It is this two-way street [...] that together form the resonance between mind and material nature that is the heart and soul of science. The search for more accurate depictions and explanations of phenomena already perceived is where most of the serious day- to-day work of science lies. But it is in the learning of new ways to see phenomena that true novelty and creativity come in. Both are vital and in many ways themselves inseparable. Both involve wrestling with patterns in nature-the explanation of agreed-upon pattern, and the search for new ways of seeing new patterns (Eldredge, cit., p. 16).
Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? Emanuele Serrelli “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences - University of Milano Bicocca, ITALY Lisbon Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab - Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it http://www.epistemologia.eu 26
References 27 • Clements FE (1905). Research Methods in Ecology. University Publishing Company, Lincoln. • Darwin CR (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London. • deMenocal PB (2004). African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene–Pleistocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 220(1-2):3-24. • Drude O (1890). Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. J. Hengelhorn, Stuttgart. • Eldredge N (1985). Unfinished Synthesis. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. • Eldredge N (1986). Information, economics and evolution. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17: 351-369. • Eldredge N (1999). The Pattern of Evolution. W.H. Freeman & Co., New York. • Eldredge N (2003). The sloshing bucket: how the physical realm controls evolution. In J. Crutchfield and P. Schuster, eds. Towards a comprehensive dynamics of evolution - exploring the interplay of selection, neutrality, accident, and function. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 3-32. • Eldredge N, Gould SJ (1972). Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Schopf TJM (ed) Models In Paleobiology. Freeman, Cooper & Co., San Francisco, pp. 82-115. • Forestiero S (2009). Ambiente, adattamento e costruzione della nicchia. In S. Casellato, P. Burighel, & A. Minelli, eds. Life and Time: The Evolution of Life and its History. CLEUP, Padova, pp. 253-283. • Gagliasso E (2010). Il senso dell’evoluzionismo tra modelli e ragionamenti sistemici. Riflessioni sistemiche, 2(marzo), pp.53-64 (online http://www.aiems.eu). • Haeckel E (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine grundzüge der organischen formen-wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte descendenztheorie. Berlin, Verlag von Georg Reimer, 1866. • Hutchinson GE, Macarthur RH (1959). A theoretical ecological model of size distributions among species of animals. The American Naturalist 153(869): 117-125. • Johnson MTJ (2010). The contribution of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) to a modern synthesis of evolutionary ecology. Population Ecology 53(1):9–21. • Kembel SW et al. (2010). Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 26(11):1463-4. • Kylafis G, Loreau M (2008). Ecological and evolutionary consequences of niche construction for its agent. Ecology Letters 11(10):1072-81. • Lack D (1943). The problem of partial migration. British Birds 37:122-30; 143-50. • Laland KN, Odling-Smee FJ, Feldman MW (1996). The evolutionary consequences of niche construction: a theoretical investigation using two-locus theory. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9(3):293-316. • Laland KN et al. (2008). Conceptual barriers to progress within evolutionary biology. Foundations of Science 14(3):195-216. • Lotka AJ (1922). Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 8: 147-151. • Matthews B et al. (2011). Toward an integration of evolutionary biology and ecosystem science. Ecology Letters 14(7):690–701. • McInnes L et al. (2011). Integrating ecology into macroevolutionary research. Biology Letters 7(5):644-6. • Orians G (1962). Natural selection and ecological theory. The American Naturalist 96(890):257–263. • Pearce T (2010). “A great complication of circumstances” - Darwin and the economy of nature. Journal of the history of biology 43(3):493-528. • Pelletier F, Garant D, Hendry AP (2009). Eco-evolutionary dynamics. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 364(1523):1483–9. • Riel-Salvatore J (2010). A niche construction Perspective on the Middle–Upper Paleolithic Transition in Italy. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17(4): 323-355. • Rosenzweig ML (1987). Evolutionary ecology (editorial). Evolutionary Ecology 1:1– 3. • Schimper KF (1898). Plant Ecology Upon a Physiologial Basis. Clarendon Press, Oxford. • Schoener TW (2011). The newest synthesis: understanding the interplay of evolutionary and ecological dynamics. Science (New York, N.Y.), 331(6016):426–9. • Smallegange IM, Coulson T (2013). Towards a general, population-level understanding of eco-evolutionary change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28(3): 143-8. • Tansley A (1935). The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16(3):284-307. • Warming E (1895). Plantesamfund - Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi. P.G. Philipsens Forlag, Kjøbenhavn. Eng. ed., with M. Vahl, Oecology of Plants: An Introduction to the Study of Plant Communities, Clarendon Press, London, 1909.

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2013.05.29 ecological and genealogical patterns

  • 1. Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? Emanuele Serrelli “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences - University of Milano Bicocca, ITALY Lisbon Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab - Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it http://www.epistemologia.eu 1
  • 2. Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? Emanuele Serrelli “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences - University of Milano Bicocca, ITALY Lisbon Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab - Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it http://www.epistemologia.eu 1 Ecological patterns are the ones that can be captured by following physical and chemical flows and cycles.
  • 3. Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? Emanuele Serrelli “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences - University of Milano Bicocca, ITALY Lisbon Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab - Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it http://www.epistemologia.eu 1 Ecological patterns are the ones that can be captured by following physical and chemical flows and cycles. Genealogical patterns are those that can be followed and fully captured by following 'bloodlines', related lineages, and their common ancestry.
  • 4. 2 Ecological patterns are the ones that can be captured by following physical and chemical flows and cycles. Genealogical patterns are those that can be followed and fully captured by following 'bloodlines', related lineages, and their common ancestry.
  • 5. 3 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 “By ecology we mean the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature, the total relations of the animal to both its inorganic and organic environment; including its friendly and inimical relations with those animals and plants with which it comes into contact. In a word, all the complex relationships referred to as the struggle for existence”
  • 6. 4 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859
  • 7. 5 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859
  • 8. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 6 Population genetics “models” 4 Loci, alleles, frequencies zygotes mutation selection ? complication intractability Hardy-Weinberg eq.
  • 9. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 7
  • 10. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 8
  • 11. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 8
  • 12. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 9
  • 13. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 9 “It is becoming increasingly apparent that a complete answer to any question should deal with physiological, adaptational and evolutionary aspects of the problem. The evolutionary process of becoming yields the most profound understanding of biological systems at all levels of organization. The non- evolutionary answer to the question of why an animal is abundant in some parts of its range and rare in others is of necessity incomplete”
  • 14. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 9 “It is becoming increasingly apparent that a complete answer to any question should deal with physiological, adaptational and evolutionary aspects of the problem. The evolutionary process of becoming yields the most profound understanding of biological systems at all levels of organization. The non- evolutionary answer to the question of why an animal is abundant in some parts of its range and rare in others is of necessity incomplete” "Ecology […] has its descriptive generalizations, such as the principle of competitive exclusion, but as in other fields, evolution would seem to be the only real theory of ecology today. Even if one strongly believes in the action of natural selection it is exceedingly difficult, as Darwin pointed out, to keep it always firmly in mind. Neglect of natural selection in ecological thinking is, therefore, understandable though regretable. However, its deliberate exclusion in these years following the Darwin centennial would seem to be exceedingly unwise"
  • 15. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 10
  • 16. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 11
  • 18. 13 deMenocal, P.B., 2004.African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene–Pleistocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 220(1-2), pp.3–24.
  • 19. 14 80-60 Kya Roger Lewin (1996), Le origini dell’uomo moderno, Zanichelli, p. 121 // Bernard Wood 2008
  • 20. 15 Hierarchy Theory of evolution Eldredge 1986 “organisms seem to be both energy conversion machines and reproducing ‘packages’ of genetic information. As such they are integrated simultaneously into two largely separate, but interacting kinds of general systems” (1986, p. 351)
  • 21. Eldredge 2003 Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
  • 22. Eldredge 2003 Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
  • 23. Eldredge 2003 Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
  • 24. Eldredge 2003 Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
  • 25. Niles Eldredge (2008) , “Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology”, in Evo Edu Outreach 1 pp. 10–15.
  • 26. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 18
  • 27. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 18
  • 28. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 18
  • 29. 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 The sloshing bucket 2003 Odling-Smee: niche construction 1988 Evolutionary Ecology journal 1987 Unfinished Synthesis 1985 Vrba: turnover pulse 1980 van Valen: Red Queen hp 1973 Punctuated Equilibria 1972 Lovelock, birth of Earth System Science 1967 – 1974 Hutchinson: ecological stage and evolutionary play 1965 Orians 1962 Hutchinson & MacArthur 1959 Odum 1953 David Lack 1944 Tansley: concept of ecosystem 1935 Modern Synthesis 1930 – 1930 Lotka 1922 neo-Darwinian Synthesis 1910 – 1930 Warming, Schimper, Drude 1890 – 1900 Darwin's worms 1881 Haeckel 1866 Origin 1859 19 4 mutation selection ? complication intractability
  • 30. Kylafis, G. & Loreau, M., 2008. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of niche construction for its agent. Ecology letters, 11(10), pp.1072–81.
  • 31.
  • 32. 21
  • 33. 21
  • 34. 21
  • 35. 21
  • 36. 21
  • 37. 21
  • 38. 21
  • 39. 22
  • 40. 23
  • 41. 24
  • 42. 24
  • 43. Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? 25
  • 44. Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? 25
  • 45. Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? 25 Patterns in the natural world are extremely important. [...] They pose both the questions and the answers that scientists formulate as they seek to describe the world [...]. Science is a search for resonance between mind and natural pattern as we try to answer these questions. (Eldredge 1999, pp. 4-5)
  • 46. Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? 25 Patterns in the natural world are extremely important. [...] They pose both the questions and the answers that scientists formulate as they seek to describe the world [...]. Science is a search for resonance between mind and natural pattern as we try to answer these questions. (Eldredge 1999, pp. 4-5) It is this two-way street [...] that together form the resonance between mind and material nature that is the heart and soul of science. The search for more accurate depictions and explanations of phenomena already perceived is where most of the serious day- to-day work of science lies. But it is in the learning of new ways to see phenomena that true novelty and creativity come in. Both are vital and in many ways themselves inseparable. Both involve wrestling with patterns in nature-the explanation of agreed-upon pattern, and the search for new ways of seeing new patterns (Eldredge, cit., p. 16).
  • 47. Integration between ecological and genealogical patterns: Where are we? Emanuele Serrelli “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences - University of Milano Bicocca, ITALY Lisbon Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab - Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it http://www.epistemologia.eu 26
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