Cancer is caused by mutations in genes that control cell growth called oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes are mutated forms of normal genes that cause cells to grow uncontrollably, while tumor suppressor genes normally slow cell growth but are inactivated in cancer. Many cancers are caused by a combination of inherited gene mutations and acquired mutations from environmental exposures. Identifying mutations in specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can help determine cancer risk and guide treatment decisions. The drug Herceptin targets the HER2/neu oncogene expressed in some breast cancers.

1. Cancer Genes

25. think of a cell as a car :- A proto-oncogene normally functions in a way that is similar to a gas pedal An oncogene could be compared to a gas pedal that is stuck down, -> cell to divide out of control

33. Tumor suppressor genes

44. Certain types of kidney cancers VHL Kidney cancer Small numbers of colon cancers, melanomas, neuroblastoma NF1, NF2 Nerve tumors, including brain Wilms tumors WTI Wilms Tumor Only rare ovarian cancers BRCA1, BRCA2 Breast and/or ovarian Colorectal, gastric, endometrial cancers MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 Colorectal cancer (without polyposis) Most colorectal cancers APC Colorectal cancer (due to familial polyposis) Many different cancers INK4a Melanoma Many different cancers P53 Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (sarcomas, brain tumors, leukemia) Many different cancers RBI Retinoblastoma Other non-inherited cancers seen with this gene Abnormal gene Inherited cancer

47. Colorectal cancers APC Colorectal cancers MLH1, MSH2 Brain tumors, skin cancers, lung cancer, head and neck cancers, others p53 Burkitt lymphoma, others C-myc Ewing tumor EWS Neuroblastoma N-myc Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, others HER2/neu (erbB-2) B-cell lymphoma bcl-2 Chronic myelogenous leukemia bcr-abl Breast and ovarian cancer BRCA1, BRCA2 Related Cancers Oncogene/Tumor Suppressor Gene

48. How Can Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Be Used to Treat Cancer?

49. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®)

52. Mechanism of action:-

58. Cetuximab (Erbitux®)

60. Mechanism of action:

66. Imatinib (Gleevec®)

69. Mechanism of action:

74. Gefitinib (Iressa®)

76. mechanism of action:

80. Gene Therapy for Cancer

85. immunotherapy the induction of cytokine Genetic modification of lymphocytes Tumor antigen vaccines