2. What is Intelligence?
Typically focused on
• analytic reasoning
• verbal skills
• spatial ability
• attention
• memory
• judgment
Murky concept with definitions by
many experts...
3. One Definition
Individuals differ from one another in their
ability to understand complex ideas, to
adapt effectively to the environment, to
learn from experience, to engage in various
forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles
by taking thought…
Concepts of intelligence are attempts to clarify and
organize this complex set of phenomena.
Neisser et al, 1996.
4. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
A weak predictor for
•
•
•
achievement
job performance success
overall success, wealth, & happiness
Accounts for 20-25% of employment success
according to numbers of studies covering career
statistics
5. More potent predictors of career
success are
Ability to handle frustrations
Manage own emotions
Manage own social skills
6. How we historically viewed
emotions?
• chaotic
• haphazard
• superfluous
• incompatible with reason
• disorganized
• largely visceral
• resulting from the lack of effective adjustment
7. How we now view emotions?
• Arouse, sustain, direct activity
• Part of the total economy of living organisms
• Not in opposition to intelligence
• Themselves a higher order of intelligence
Phineas Gage
8. Frontal lobe and parietal lobe
are part of the “new brain”
Amygdala is deep within the most
elemental parts of the brain.
9. The main purpose of the inner
most part of the brain is
survival.
Signaling function (“Fight or Flight”)
Promote unique, stereotypical patterns of
physiological change
Provide strong impulse to take action
10. Basic Emotions--presumed to be
hard wired and physiologically
distinctive
Joy
Surprise
Sadness
Anger
Disgust
Fear
11. Evolutionary Advantage to Emotion
For example:
Fight or flight response
•
can basic emotions overwhelm rational
thinking?
12. Neurobiology of Rationality
Antonio Damasio, in Descartes’ Error, asserts that
concerted activity at all levels of the cortex assist
rational decision making.
Emotion is emerging as anessential contributor to
rational decision making
Work like his underlies the concepts of emotional
intelligence
Is there a separation between rationale and
emotional thoughts?
13. What is Emotional Intelligence?
Refers to the capacity for recognizing our own
feelings and those of others, for motivating
ourselves, and for managing emotions well on
ourselves and our relationships”
(Goleman, 1998)
14. History of EI
Howard Gardner’s “Frames of Mind”
Verbal/linguistic
Logical/mathematical
Visual/spatial
Musical
Bodily/Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
15. Importance of EI
National US Department of Labor survey:
Corporations are increasingly listing emotional
competencies as criteria for new hires
Graduate Management Admissions Council:
More companies seeking MBAs with emotional
intelligence
16. Importance of EI
Center for Creative leadership study:
Rigidity, poor relationships and the inability to
lead teams are the most common traits of
executives who fail
EgonZehnder study:
Managers who failed all had high levels of
expertise and intelligence but many were
arrogant and had a disdain for team work
17. Importance of EI
Longitudinal study of Harvard graduates found
that test scores on entrance exam did not
predict success
Hay McBer’s global study, including
Pepsi, IBM, and Volvo found that 2/3 of the
competencies deemed essential to success
were emotional based
Goleman analysis of 181 jobs in 121 organizations
found that emotional competencies were the
best differentiators between excellent and
average performers
18. Two Realms of EI
According to Goleman (1998) . . .
Personal Competence
Intrapersonal intelligence
Social Competence
Interpersonal intelligence
19. 5 Components of EI
Self-Awareness
Self-Regulation
Self-Motivation
Social Awareness
Social Skills
20. Self-Awareness
Emotional Awareness
Recognizing one’s emotions and their effects
Accurate self assessment
Knowing one’s strengths and limits = strength
Self-efficacy
Belief on one’s ability to accomplish tasks
21. Value of Self-Awareness
to recognize appropriate body cues and
emotions
to label cues and emotions accurately
to stay open to unpleasant as well as
pleasant emotions
Includes the capacity for experiencing and
recognizing multiple and conflicting
emotions
22. Self-Regulation
Self-Control
The Marshmallow Study
Transparency
Maintaining integrity; acting congruently with one’s values
Achievement orientation
Striving to improve
Initiative
Readiness to act on opportunities
Optimism
Persistence in pursuing goals despite obstacles and
setbacks
23. Reality of Self-Regulation
EI is like a smoke alarm--we’re not good at
influencing whether a particular emotion will
arise. EI tells us something is arising.
We do have tremendous individual
variability in the degree to which we can
consciously limit the duration of unpleasant
emotions and the degree of influence over
the behaviors which may arise.
24. Lack of Self-Regulation
Impair reasoning (even smart people sometimes
act stupidly)
May increase the likelihood that chronic
emotional problems will result, (e.g., clinical
depression or chronic anxiety or hostility)
25. Social Awareness
Empathy
Sensing other’s feeling and perspectives, and
taking active interest in their concerns
Organizational Awareness
Reading a group’s emotional currents and power
relationships
Service Orientation
Anticipating, recognizing, and meeting customers'’
or clients’ needs
26. Social Skills
Developing Others
Inspirational Leadership
Having impact on others and wielding effective tactics of persuasion
Conflict Management
Initiating or managing change
Influence
Inspiring and guiding individuals and groups
Change Catalyst
Sensing other’s development needs and bolstering their abilities
Negotiating and resolving disagreements
Teamwork and Collaboration
Creating group synergy in pursuing collective goals
27. The art of social relationships-managing emotions in others
To excel at people skills means having and using
the competencies to be an effective friend,
negotiator, leader and follower.
One should be able to guide an interaction,
inspire others, make others comfortable in social
situations, and influence and persuade others.
28. The subtle and complex abilities which
under lie people skills
Being attuned to others’ emotions
Promoting comfort in others through the
proper use of display rules
Using own emotional display to establish a
sense of rapport
Empathy can be faked; so can other
emotions
29. Beware of being to nice
Have you ever met a nice person, but the
“bells have gone off?”
Charisma draws in but not always to desired
ends, e.g., Hitler, Jim Jones.
“The dark side of charismatic leaders”
30. Developing Emotional Intelligence
We develop external strategies first
Then we develop social strategies
Girls do better at developing strategies
overall
As a person matures, emotions begin to shape
and improve thinking by directing a person’s
attention to important changes
31. Developing Emotional Intelligence
A genetic contribution is likely
They are not destiny (timidity)
Early expression of emotion by parents helps
learning
Early abuse hinders learning
Poor ability to read others’ emotion may lead to
the development of poor social skills.
“Lie to Me” based on the work of Dr. Paul
Ekman
32. Gender Differences
Males
More willing to
compromise social
connectedness for
independence
Not as good as
women at this
Less adept than
women overall
More physiologically
overwhelmed by
marital conflict
Females
Greater need for
connectedness
Have a wider range of
emotions
Better at reading
emotions
Better at developing
social strategies overall
33. Emotion related dysfunction
All or nothing thinking
Overgeneralization
Excessive worrying
Disqualifying the positive
Jump to negative conclusions
Labeling & mislabeling
Personalization
Critical; contempt
34. Impacts on physical health
cardiovascular disease
progression of diabetes
progression of cancer
onset of hypertension
35. Importance of EI in Organizations
The higher up the organization the higher EI is
required
Army Values
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leadership
Duty
Respect
Selfless service
Honor
Integrity
Personal courage
36. Importance of EI in Organizations
50% of work satisfaction is determined
by the relationship a worker has with…
his/her boss.
EI is a prerequisite for effective
leadership across borders.
• Requires a high level of self-mastery and
people skills; ability to put yourself into the
positions of others.
37. Developing Emotional Intelligence
“Gut feeling” can be used to effectively guide
decisions--a neurological understanding of how
unconscious and conscious gut feelings guide
decisions, e.g., when prioritizing, emotions help
move the decisions.
Harness emotions to promote or hinder motivation.
(Anxiety, hostility, sadness)
Empathy is the ability to recognize another’s
emotional state, which is very similar to what you are
experiencing.
38. Developing Emotional Intelligence
Take time for mindfulness
Recognize and name emotions
ID the causes of feelings
Differentiate having the emotion and doing something about it
Learn optimism to challenge distortion
Learn distraction techniques
Listen to voice of experience
Develop Listening skills
39. The Future of EI
It will be increasingly important
•
More need for team-based collaboration across
organizations, geography, and cultures
•
Will used more frequently in the
selection, assessment, training and development
of employees
•
Continued development of theories and
measurement tools
Notes de l'éditeur
The intelligence test was a primary step in the development of the applied branches of psychology. Educational psychologists stimulated the applied nature of educational psychology by using the intelligence test as a way to help them group children to make teaching more effective. Personnel managers saw the intelligence test as a way to keep less efficient and effective workers off the payroll. To the 19th Century psychologist, intellectual ability was an intriguing research possibility. The idea that there may be individual variations in ability or that the focus of teaching should be learning weren’t yet developed. In 1904, the French Minister of Public Instruction became concerned about the children in Parisian schools who were unable to profit from the given instruction. He wanted to devise a plan to develop schools for such children but needed a method to identify them. Alfred Binet, a psychologist studying individual differences and mental abilities, produced a list of thirty tasks, in a range of difficulty, normed the tasks and thus developed the first of the recognized standardized intelligence tests. Subsequent tests and subsequent developments drew in to “intelligence” a variety of additional factors: creativity, environment, heredity, social stimulation, age, and personality factors. It was the Army which caused intelligence testing to come to the public eye--through its intelligence testing of soldiers. The term, “IQ” became an accepted popular term and again spurred on the development of the various branches of applied psychology.
Phineas Gage lived during the 1840’s. He was a bright, social person. He was well balanced and even shrewd. Energetic and persistent, too. Then he had an accident where an iron bar went through his head. He seemed to recover fully and actually returned to work. At that time, physicians argued that most of the human brain was filler, so they thought Phineas had healed when the wound healed.
Based on Goleman’s book (1995), Emotional IntelligenceDaniel Goleman is a writer; not a researcher. As a writer he had the gift of explaining the research to others. He is also a psychologist.
George Soros (Chairman of Soros Fund Management) – Recognized that a back ache meant to sell stock even before he was conscious of itHoward Gardner – We spend too much time and energy trying to remedy our weakness rather than building on our strengths
Andrew Grove – CEO of Intel took personal responsibility for their failure in the 1980’sJ.K. Rowling – Harry Potter was rejected by first 10 publishers
Over time these will impact cardiovascular disease, the progression of diabetes; influence cancer onset or progression. Anxiety and cardiovascular disease predict subsequent cardiac events, the onset of hypertension, and even sudden death from fatal MI’s. Stress management reduces that risk and psychological intervention can make a difference. Having good emotional health influences good physical health.
Aaron Feuersteing – Fire burned Polartec factory – personally paid 2,000 workers salary for 3 monthsEstee lauder ‘ “Gift with purchase”
Jack Welch – CEO of GE knew over 1,000 employees namesCaptain Ernest Shackleton – “The Endurance” 600 days in the wilderness – developed strategies for keeping the men busy and optimisticGordon Bethune – CEO took all employees out and burned all manualsTwo sisters fought over an orange – cut it in half only to find out one wanted the rind and the other inside
Example - make criticism constructive
Recent research explores abuse-driven brain changes. In the relation between early abuse and dysfunction of the limbic system; Patients with abuse scored higher on a temporal lob epilepsy-related symptoms checklist; patients with sexual abuse scored significantly higher yet. Maltreatment before age 18 has more impact than later abuse; males and females were similarly affected.
Don’t interpret “dysfunction” too clinically. Many of the items on the list represent our daily challenges. The message is, when any or several of these exceed our capacity for acceptable behavior we need help. At that point, too, we would be the last person to recognize the problem. It is therefore important for supervisors and trusted coworkers to recognize the behaviors associated with “going overboard”.
