1. Principles & steps of Statistical
Analysis
ا ا تو ا ا
Dr. Eyas . G . A .Rahim
ا د. ا س
2/7 /2007
School of Economics
Sharq Elnile University
Sudan
Dr.eyas.gaffar@gmail.com
eyazza2006@yahoo.com
6. d=z or t*SE
d=z or t* σ/√n
margin of error d
Level of confidence Z or t
Standard error SE
Standard deviation σ
Sample size n
So t w o factors determining t he margin of error are:
1- Variability
2- sample design
9. اstatistics statistics
Mean Proportion
Standard Deviation Mode
Frequency table -
Variance cross tabulation
Range C hi-square -
correlation coefficient ®
determination coefficient (R2
Graphs
Graphs
Histogram Bar chart
Normal curve Pie chart
Scatter plot
SPSS
10. Null
P.v>α Hypothesis
-Z test
-T test
-F (ANOV
A) test
-X² test
P.v≤α
Alternative
Hypothesis
11. Varia
b les
Estimation
Statistics
Testing
s
lysi ation
Ana sent
Re pre
&