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- 1. Foundations of Group Behavior Presented by: Atta Ullah Afridi attaullah1075@gmail.com
- 2. Contents Defining Group Stages of Group Development Group Properties Group Decision Making Group Decision-Making Techniques Conclusion Atta Ullah Afridi
- 3. What is Group? Stephen P. Robins: “Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives” Atta Ullah Afridi
- 4. What is Group? Fred Luthans says: If a group exists in an organization, its members: 1. Are motivated to join 2. Perceive the group as a unified unit of interacting people 3. Contribute in various amounts to the group processes (that is, some people contribute more time or energy to the group than do others) 4. Reach agreements and have disagreements through various forms of interaction Atta Ullah Afridi
- 5. Classification of Groups Formal Group: “A designated work group defined by the organization’s structure” Example: Six members crew making up an airline flight. Informal Group: “A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; appears in response to the need for social contact” Example: Three students who regularly go to school together. Atta Ullah Afridi
- 6. Sub Classification of Groups 1. 2. 3. 4. Command Group Task Group Interest Group Friendship Group Atta Ullah Afridi
- 7. Stages Of Group Development Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning Atta Ullah Afridi
- 9. Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms And Productivity: Cohesiveness Low Performance Norms High High Low High productivity Moderate productivity Low productivity Moderate to low productivity Atta Ullah Afridi
- 10. Group Decision Making What Is Decision? What Is Decision Making? Atta Ullah Afridi
- 11. Group Decision Making Strengths & Weaknesses of Group Decisions: Broad Representation More Ideas Generated Evaluation Of Options Coordination Quality Decision Atta Ullah Afridi Time Consuming Level of Trust Dominated Personalities Capabilities of Members Ambiguous Responsibility
- 12. Group Think & Group Shift Group Think: Imposing unpopular view Opposing Popular view Group Shift: Exaggerating less important view Avoiding more important view How to minimize Group Think? Monitor Group Size Impartiality of Leader Seeking View From Each Member Atta Ullah Afridi
- 13. Group Decision-Making Techniques Interacting Groups Brainstorming Nominal Group Techniques Electronic Meeting Atta Ullah Afridi
- 14. Evaluating Group Effectiveness Effectiveness Criteria Interacting Brainstorming Nominal Electronic No. & of Quality of Ideas Low Moderate High High Money Costs Low Low Low High speed Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Commitment to solution High Not applicable Moderate Moderate Group Cohesiveness High High Moderate Low Atta Ullah Afridi
- 15. Conclusion Illustration of Group by (CEO of Continental Airline) “ We are like a wristwatch-lots of different parts, but the whole has value only when we all work together. It has no value when any part fails.” Gordon Bethune Atta Ullah Afridi
- 16. In other words group is all about Teamwork. Atta Ullah Afridi
- 18. Forming Activities Characteristics Members tend to be: • • • Tentative Polite Having little conflicts Team needs to • • • Identify its purpose Group processes Develop group norms Forming Atta Ullah Afridi
- 19. Storming Characteristics Members tend to: • • • Activities Members need to Exhibit increased conflict Less conformity “Jockeying” for power. learn • • • • How to resolve conflict Clarify their roles Power Structure Storming Atta Ullah Afridi
- 20. Norming Characteristics Demonstrate an: • • • Activities Members must Improved ability to complete tasks Solve problems Resolve conflict. • • • • Exhibit good behaviors Mutual trust Motivation Open communication Norming Atta Ullah Afridi
- 21. Performing Characteristics • • • • • • Energetic Creative Participative Motivated Show high levels of loyalty Group decisionmaking. Activities • • • Self-directing in development of plans Strategy to meet their goals Carry out work Performing Atta Ullah Afridi
- 22. Adjourning Characteristics • • • Purpose achieved Ready to move on to new things A positive feeling about the group achievement. Adjourning Atta Ullah Afridi
- 23. Group Properties - Roles A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. Role identity Role perception Role expectation Role Conflict Atta Ullah Afridi
- 24. Group Properties - Status A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. Status Equity Group Member Status Group interaction Group Norms Atta Ullah Afridi
- 25. Group Properties - Status Status Characteristics Theory 1. The Power a person wields over others 2. A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals 3. An individual’s personal Characteristics Atta Ullah Afridi
- 26. Group Properties - Norms Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members. Performance Norms Appearance Norms Classes of Norms Social Arrangement Norms Allocation of Resources Norms Atta Ullah Afridi
- 27. Group Properties - Size The size of a group affects the group’s overall behavior. Social Loafing: The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. Other Conclusions: • Odd number groups do better than even. • Groups of 7 or 9 perform better overall than larger or smaller groups. Atta Ullah Afridi
- 28. Group Properties - Cohesiveness Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. Suggestions to Encourage Group Cohesiveness: Make the group smaller Encourage agreement Give rewards Stimulate competition Increase interaction Isolate the group Increase the status Atta Ullah Afridi
- 29. Command Group “A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager.” Example: An army officer and his subordinate soldiers form a command group. Atta Ullah Afridi
- 30. Task Group “Task group Represents those working together to complete a job task.” Example: A panel of employers to conduct interviews for the new post Atta Ullah Afridi
- 31. Interest Group “Those working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned.” Example: Employees who band together to support a peer who has been fired. Atta Ullah Afridi
- 32. Friendship Group “Those brought together because they share one or more common characteristics.” Example: Groups based on similar age, heritage etc. Atta Ullah Afridi
- 33. Electronic Meeting Atta Ullah Afridi
- 34. Nominal Group Techniques Atta Ullah Afridi
- 36. Interacting Groups Atta Ullah Afridi