2. GROUP # 6
HASEEMA ZAFAR
BUSHRA AFTAB
SHAMSA NOREEN
MOBEEN JAMSHAID
SONIA SANA
SANA SAFEER

5. Naipaul uses
the sharp images
very ironic tone
for Pakistan and Pakistani
leaders as he says; “it could be
seen as a fragmented
country, economically
stagnant, despotically ruled, with
its gifted people close to hysteria

6. • By giving a reference of an
article in the Tehran
times, Naipaul asserts that
Pakistan and Iran, both are
using the logic of religion to
gain power because they are
lacking behind in the concerns
of science, which is the ability
to run a twentieth- century
state.

7. • He gives ethnographic details
e.g. “iran, with a population…
while Pakistan, with twice the
population, earns one hundred
forty millions a month”. so, he
says that pakistan‟s economy
is dwindling day by day and to
authenticate his argument, he
gives examples of
advertisements in Dawn.

8. • He gives historical
perspectives of foundation of
Pakistan that it came in to
being on the name of religion
• Besides, using his analytic
skills to convince the readers
of his idea Naipaul also
ignores the influence of British
rule
• he also hides the injustices
done by British to Muslims of
the sub-continent

9. • He further quotes his
dialogues, with some natives of
Pakistan, to prove himself a
seeker who is on the quest to
search the truth and says that
people are still dissatisfied with
their present conditions and faith.
• We see three characters
caricatured by him
• Poet
• Maulana
• driver

10. all people talk about Islam but
expect from others to do
assumptions in a quite ordered
plan. He has chosen all those
characters that were without
mystics or intellectual bent.

11. Autobiographical features:
he was an atheist
Historical perspective
Ahmad was born in northern India in
last century
Journalistic techniques
PLOT TO MAKE PAKISTAN A FOREIGN
STOOGE from the Morning News

12. Ethnographic details:
It had cotton carpet that
was worn, its red and white
patterns are full of dust and
tearing noise of a scooter
that makes smokes

13. Characters
mr. Mirza, Mr. deen, Mr.Salahuddin,Mr.
sherwani, the officer in a green sari,
Ahmed
IMAGERY
a dead cockroch carried off by ants
Themes
theme of islamic laws in action
poverty.

15. Naipaul has used different formal
aspects that makes his writing more
authentic.
narrative authority
eye witness experiences
“we went first to a mosque to find
some people Ahmed thought I should
meet(pg:124)
we were driving through Karachi, I
saw printed postures(125)

16. Naipaul has demonstrated acuity of
observations in his writings
“ahmed finished building his house; he
paid off all his debts”(127)
“on his terrace, on an easy
chair, lay an elderly man in brown;
he was paralyzed. He was the
grandfather, the head of the
family, once the head of the
firm”(129)

17. Travelling strategies as one of
them is detailed Ethnographic
reporting
Forty miles east was the little
town of Banbhorean ancient post
site dating back to the first
century b.c(124)
The Ramadan month ends, and the Id
festival is proclaimed ,when the new
moon is sighted(124)

18. fictional elements used by Naipaul
Tone is satirical
Dirt, old, dusty street, hot, filthy, sandy
tracks(125)
Another element is characterization
Ahmed, industrialist, police officers, old
man
“he walked briskly to the edge of the
road, erect, military-looking in his grey-
blue pakistani costume”(124-131)

20. eye witness experiences
History in Pakistan school books I
looked at, begins with Arabia and
Islam(142)
Naipaul has used travel writing
strategies one of them is
journalistic technique
As he tells us complete history of
Sind and Spain by reading
Cbacbnama that is written by
Persian author(132)

21. Characters
Hajjaj, Muhammad Bin Qasim, Dahar(131-142)
ethnographic reporting
As he has described complete history of sindH.
 fictional elements used by Naipaul
his tone towards Muslim history is quite
satirical
the imagery that he portrays of muslim‟s
history is harsh, pithy all about war,
destruction, death and pessimism(132-139)

23. Naipaul used narrative authority in
his writings in order to convince his
readers.
eye-witness experiences:
“and when I got to the circuit
house, where I thought I was
staying, there was trouble. Two civil
servants greeted me and told me that…
my booking has been cancelled.”

24. He observed each and every
aspect very keenly

25. “hyderabad _ a nondescript desert town
with low, ochre distempered concrete
buildings baked…..the desert was
waterlogged.”
he said that “the stone was heart
shaped… people passed their hands over
the stone, caressed it, and then brought
their hands to their lips and eyes, or
touched their heart; or they appeared
to hug themselves.”

26. Naipaul used particular travel writing
strategies
In this chapter of the text he has used
detailed ethnographic reporting
“beyond hyderabad there were patches of
cultivation; patches of scrub, patches of sand.
The brightness hurt the heat hurt. Village
dogs stood still in yellow waterlogged pools.
We were in one of the famous river valleys of
early civilization. But there was no feeling of
a valley”

27. fictional elements
The theme which he mostly discussed
dealt with themes of
poverty, desolation, decay, inability and
decadence
He presented totally negative imagery
that is dark, sharp, dirty and filthy, not
pleasing
he said “the marble floor was grimy;
there were babies, and many fly, seeking
always to settle on the floor and the
bodies.”

28. He used satirical tone in his text
to criticize others
“he said that the pir was out and
would be back in three hours. In
Pakistan the standard unit of
stated delay was half an hour;
three hours meant not that day”

29. Basics
In this chapter Naipaul has
visited twin cities Islamabad and
Rawalpindi
In this chapter he uses
ethnographic details, ironic
tone and description of
characters

30. In The Kaghan Valley
This chapter is about Naipaul's visit
to the Kaghan valley
Ethnographic details, acute
observation, colonial
gaze, narrative authority and
fictional elements used by Naipaul

32. Chapter starts with the description
of condition of Pakistan
He discussed social evils and
domestic atmosphere and their
impact on children

33. narrative authority
eye witness experiences
the minibuses plied between Rawalpindi
and Islamabad had gone on a one-day
strike to protest against police
harassment. The bus drivers told the
newspaper that police wanted higher
bribes. The police said the drivers had
been „misbehaving‟ with passengers

34. He gave minute description
of everything and he keenly
observes his surroundings
and by giving the minute
description Naipaul
actually has presented a
readable and impressing
text

35. Ethnographic reporting
children growing up in a domestic
atmosphere where smuggling, black-
marketing and hoarding, bribery and
corruption….. are indulged in quite
blatantly, should not be expected to
accept discipline in any form

36. fictional elements
Tone
First element used by Naipaul is
tone, THAT is satirical
he has used the words
dirt, indiscipline, shame, old, dusty
street, hot, filthy, sandy
tracks, misbehaving with others, and
social evils

37. characterization
Agha Babur, a retired military
officer
Hameed Sagher, AN ARTIST

39. CHAPTER starts with the description
of weather in Punjab, Pakistan
He talked about Ahmadis, who
claimed that that they are the
purest of Muslims
the village was full of stagnant
pools, some quite large and it shows the
dirtiness of the people of that village
He said that there is no greenery in the
village

40. Rabwah hills stored and
radiated heat. In summers the
rocks never cooled down

41. eye witness experiences by given
the description of weather
“the evenings were getting cooler in
rawalpindi; the summer was nearly over”
“lahore in the plains of the punjab was
to go down where it was still very hot.”

42. Ethnographic DETAIL
“besides the hills was the chenab
River, one of the rivers of the Punjab, a
river here of the Indo-Pakistan
subcontinent”
“the salt rocks of rabwah hills stored
and radiated heat. In summer the rocks
never cooled down”.

43. colonial gaze
“i thought this was strange thing to
say, until I understand that what was
being said was that, before
Pakistan, the house had belonged to non-
Muslim, now the villages was all
Muslim, pure and at prayer time- though
no call time- two of the men got up to the
mosque”.

44. Naipaul includes fictional elements
in his travel writing as his tone
towards Muslim history is quite
satirical
He presented totally negative
imagery that is dark, sharp, dirty
and filthy it‟s not pleasing