Composting is a natural way to recycle organic matter by breaking it down with microorganisms. To make compost, brown or dry materials are layered with green or wet materials in a pile. The pile is turned regularly to introduce oxygen and keep the materials decomposing. After 3-4 months, the finished compost is a dark, earthy-smelling material that is beneficial as a natural fertilizer. Proper ratios of carbon-rich and nitrogen-rich materials along with aeration help the microbes do their work efficiently.

2. Membuat kompos = cara semulajadi untuk kitar
semula
Menghasilkan baja kompos = semudah
membuat kek
Hanya campurkan bahan, kacau,’masak’ dan
hasilnya = baja
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3. WHAT IS COMPOSTING?
Composting is nature’s way of recycling
organic matter.
It is the process whereby biodegradable
organic matter is broken down by
microorganisms in the presence of oxygen.
The product of this process is compost, which
benefits the environment as a natural fertilizer
for gardening and farming.

4. Compost Making
• In composting, various factors which influence
the composting processes have to be considered.
These include
~C:N ratio,
~temperature 60-67 untill 30 degree
~ moisture content,
~ oxygen level,
~ pH of the compost (7.0 – 7.2_
~ the type of agro-waste & surface area of
particles

5. Benefits Of Composting
• Composting has many benefits. Some of the most important
are:
- Saves money on fertilizer for plants and reduce the
country's fertilizer imports.
- Saves water by retaining moisture in the soil and reduces
leaching in sandy soils. In clayey soils, compost improves
aeration
- used as a soil conditioner for improving the soil structure.
• It may solve environmental problems due to excessive use of
chemicals, accumulation of agro-waste and failure to return
organic matter to the soil

6. • All organic materials, e.g plant wastes can be
used in making compost.
• The materials include dry and wet materials
• The mixture used in compost usually is
6 dry material : 3 wet material : 1 soil
MATERIALS FOR MAKING COMPOST
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7. • The 4 essential ingredients for composting are:
DRY+ WET + Air + Water

8. DRY / BROWN MATERIAL
• Carbon Sources- for structure
• Little water content,
• High C/N ratio
• Decomposes slowly
• E.g. dried leaves, woody materials, chipped
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9. WET / GREEN MATERIAL
• Nitrogen sources-for stored nutrients
• High water content
• Low C/N ratio
• Decomposes quickly
• E.g. leaves of leguminous tree, grass chipping,
plants trimming, vegetable food scraps
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10. OPTIONAL ADDITIVES
i. MANURE – najis ternakan mengandungi mikroorganisma
dan berfungsi mengurai dan mempercepatkan proses
pereputan bahan kompos
ii. GML – meneutralkan keadaan berasid dan membantu
pembiakan mikroorganisma bagi mempercepatkan proses
pereputan
iii. EM (Effective Microb) – mikrob berguna membantu bagi
mempercepatkan proses pereputan
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11. The microorganisms in compost use carbon
(C) for energy combined with small amounts
of nitrogen (N).
The microorganisms in compost use carbon
(C) for energy and Nitrogen (N) for protein
synthesis
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12. COMPOSTING ORGANISMS
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 Eartworms
 Centipedes
 Sowbugs
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Actinomycetes
 Psychrophiles

13. GASES AT WORK
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14. ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPOST IN
CROP CULTIVATION
i. Improve soil structure soil and water-holding ability
ii. Increase soil fertility
iii. Improve water / moisture retention
iv. Increase resistance of plants to pests and diseases
v. Provide nutrients to plants
vi. makes an excellent mulch
vii.keeps soil healthy and balanced
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15. METHOD COMPOST
 pile built on the ground
 material unshredded
Pile given no attention
12-36 months
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16. METHOD COMPOST
 material in simple bin of wire , wood, metal
or plastic
Concave top with tarp used to control
moisture content
Turned to aerate weekly
3-4 months
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17. METHOD COMPOST
Material in rotating tumbler
All material shredded
Precise mix of carbon and nitrogen to keep
compost hot
Tumbler rotated daily
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18. EQUIPMENT YOUWILL NEED
• Pitchfork to turn compost, or other aerating
tool.
• Hose to keep pile moist in a drought.

19. Optional Equipment to Reduce Size
of Materials:
• Shredder/chipper.
• Heavy kitchen knife.

20. Other Equipment:
• Thermometer to track heating.
• Screen to refine finished compost
• Wheelbarrow.

21. Composting Process
compact
Soil (0.5)
Wet Material (1.5)
Dry Material (3)
the base of the are high carbon materials, provide
for air circulation from the bottom of the pile.
thin third layer of
manure
The purpose of using soil is
to introduce m/o needed to
break down the organic
mater in the pile

22. Composting Process
Soil
Wet Material
Dry Material
Pipe or hallow bambooPlace a hollow bamboo
stick in the center of the
pile for aeration.
Repeat the procedure
, built the heap until
done

23. Composting ProcessCover with palm leaves
or plastic sheet,protect from
rainfall and sunlight
. If the material is
dry, it should be
watered well as the
heap is built.

24. Composting Process

25. Turning Compost Heap
• Turn the pile every 2 weeks
- to improve aerotion,
- speed up microorganisms activity and
- ensure uniform decomposition.
• The pile is reconstructed, material previously on the top
and sides of the pile should moved to the center.
• usually takes 3 to 4 months, it depends on the air
tempreture and the mixtures.
• The compost finished decomposing when volume
decrease to about one-third of its original volume.

26. • Good compost smells good, and is
black brown in colour, crumbly
and has an earthly odour with pH
7.0 to 7.2.

27. Q?
• Why do LAYERS OF A COMPOST PILE?
• If manure can give Nitrogen (N), How to do P
composed and K composed?

28. MASALAH SEBAB PENYELESAIAN
Timbunan kompos berbau dan
terdapat banyak lalat.
Sisa-sisa makanan tidak di
tutup
Tutup sisa-sisa makanan dengan
tanah atau kambusnya di
tengah timbunan.
Terlampau basah atau
terlampau banyak sisa-
sisa makanan dalam
timbinan
Tambahkan tanah atau bahan
kering dan rombakkan
timbunan.
Timbunan penuh dengan tikus
dan binatang perosak.
Sisa-sisa makanan tidak
ditutup ataupun lubang
lebih besar daripada ¼
inci.
Tutup sisa-sisa makanan.
Gunakan tong atau bekas
yang dapat nencegah tikus
atau memasang jerat atau
umpan.
Proses pereputan terlampau
lambat atau tidak reput.
Terlampau kering. Siram sehingga lembap dan
kacau.
Terlampau banyak kering. Tambahkan bahan hijau atau baja
organik atau baja haiwandan
kacau.

29. USING YOUR FINISHED
COMPOST
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 fertilizer
 mulching
 reuse for other compost heap

30. 33

31. compact Soil (0.5)
Wet Material
Potongan daun pisang (1.
Dry Material
Medium fertigasi
Media cendawan (3)the base = plant shredded
thin layer of manure
thin layer
of GML
Watering + EM (50ml/liter)

32. compact Soil (0.5)
Wet Material
Potongan daun pisang (1.
Dry Material
Medium fertigasi
Media cendawan (3)the base = plant shredded
thin layer
of GML
Watering + EM (50ml/liter)