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2013/7/27(Sat)	
  
Review	
  of	
  previous	
  studies

Interna;onal	
  Economics	
  
	
  theory	
  and	
  policy	
  
1	
  
Previous	
  contents	
•  Chapter1	
  Introduc;on	
  
•  Chapter2	
  World	
  trade:	
  An	
  overview	
  
•  Chapter3	
  Labor	
  produc;vity	
  and	
  compara;ve	
  advantage	
  
–  :The	
  Ricardian	
  model	
  
•  Chapter4	
  Specific	
  factors	
  and	
  Income	
  distribu;on	
  
•  Chapter5	
  Resources	
  and	
  trade	
  
–  :The	
  Heckscher-­‐Ohlin	
  model	
  	
2
Chapter1	
  
	
  Introduc;on	
7	
  themes	
  	
  recur	
  throughout	
  the	
  study	
  of	
  
interna;onal	
  economic	
  
1.  The	
  gains	
  from	
  trade	
  
2.  The	
  paSern	
  of	
  trade	
  
3.  How	
  much	
  trade?	
  
4.  Balance	
  of	
  payments	
  
5.  Exchange	
  rate	
  determina;on	
  
6.  Interna;onal	
  policy	
  coordina;on	
  
7.  The	
  interna;onal	
  capital	
  markets	
  
3
Chapter2	
  	
  
World	
  trade:	
  An	
  overview	
•  The	
  gravity	
  model	
  
–  The	
  trade	
  between	
  any	
  two	
  countries	
  is	
  propor;nal	
  to	
  the	
  products	
  of	
  
their	
  GDP	
  and	
  diminishes	
  with	
  distance.	
  
•  Interna;onal	
  trade	
  is	
  at	
  record	
  levels	
  rela;ve	
  to	
  the	
  size	
  of	
  
the	
  world	
  economy.	
  
•  Manufactured	
  goods	
  dominate	
  modern	
  trade	
  today.	
  
–  Developing	
  countries	
  have	
  shied	
  from	
  being	
  mainly	
  exporters	
  of	
  
primary	
  products	
  to	
  being	
  mainly	
  exporters	
  of	
  manufactured	
  goods.	
  
4
How	
  much	
  trade?	
•  The	
  seemingly	
  eternal	
  debate	
  over	
  how	
  much	
  
trade	
  allow	
  is	
  the	
  most	
  important	
  policy	
  theme.	
  
-­‐100	
  
-­‐80	
  
-­‐60	
  
-­‐40	
  
-­‐20	
  
0	
  
20	
  
40	
  
60	
  
80	
  
100	
  
1979	
  
1980	
  
1981	
  
1982	
  
1983	
  
1984	
  
1985	
  
1986	
  
1987	
  
1988	
  
1989	
  
1990	
  
1991	
  
1992	
  
1993	
  
1994	
  
1995	
  
1996	
  
1997	
  
1998	
  
1999	
  
2000	
  
2001	
  
2002	
  
2003	
  
2004	
  
2005	
  
2006	
  
2007	
  
2008	
  
2009	
  
2010	
  
2011	
  
exports	
   import	
   net	
  exports	
  
(Trillion	
  yen)	
5
Chapter3	
  	
  
Labor	
  produc;vity	
  and	
  compara;ve	
  advantage	
  
:The	
  Ricardian	
  model	
  
	
•  The	
  Ricardian	
  model	
  
–  Labor	
  is	
  the	
  only	
  factor	
  of	
  produc;on,	
  and	
  countries	
  differ	
  only	
  in	
  the	
  
produc;vity	
  of	
  labor	
  in	
  different	
  industries.	
  
–  A	
  countries	
  produc;on	
  paSers	
  is	
  determined	
  by	
  compara;ve	
  
advantage.	
  
•  Trade	
  benefits	
  a	
  country	
  in	
  either	
  of	
  two	
  ways.	
  
–  Instead	
  of	
  producing	
  a	
  good	
  for	
  itself,	
  a	
  country	
  can	
  produce	
  another	
  
good	
  and	
  trade	
  it	
  for	
  the	
  desired	
  good.	
  
–  Trade	
  enlarges	
  a	
  countries	
  consump;on	
  possibili;es.	
6
Chapter4	
  	
  
Specific	
  factors	
  and	
  Income	
  distribu;on	
•  Specific	
  factor	
  model	
  
–  Differences	
  in	
  resources	
  can	
  cause	
  countries	
  to	
  have	
  different	
  rela;ve	
  
supply	
  curves,	
  and	
  thus	
  cause	
  interna;onal	
  trade.	
  
–  Factors	
  specific	
  to	
  export	
  sectors	
  in	
  each	
  country	
  gain	
  from	
  trade,	
  
while	
  factors	
  specific	
  to	
  import-­‐compe;ng	
  sectors	
  lose.	
  Mobile	
  factors	
  
that	
  can	
  work	
  in	
  either	
  sector	
  may	
  either	
  gain	
  or	
  lose.	
  
•  Interna;onal	
  trade	
  oen	
  has	
  strong	
  effects	
  on	
  the	
  
distribu;on	
  of	
  income	
  within	
  countries.	
  
–  Factors	
  cannot	
  move	
  instantaneously	
  and	
  costlessly	
  from	
  one	
  industry	
  
to	
  another.	
  
–  Changes	
  in	
  an	
  economy’s	
  output	
  mix	
  have	
  differen;al	
  effects	
  on	
  the	
  
demand	
  for	
  different	
  factors	
  of	
  produc;on.	
  
7
Chapter5	
  	
  
Resources	
  and	
  trade	
  
:The	
  Heckscher-­‐Ohlin	
  model	
  	
•  Model	
  of	
  two-­‐factor	
  economy	
  
–  Two	
  countries,	
  two	
  goods,	
  two	
  factors	
  of	
  produc;on	
  
•  Heckscher-­‐Ohlin	
  theory	
  
–  Countries	
  tend	
  to	
  export	
  goods	
  that	
  are	
  intensive	
  in	
  the	
  factors	
  
with	
  which	
  they	
  are	
  abundantly	
  supplied.	
  
•  The	
  owners	
  of	
  a	
  country’s	
  abundant	
  factors	
  gain	
  from	
  
trade,	
  but	
  the	
  owners	
  of	
  scarce	
  factors	
  lose.	
  
–  There	
  are	
  s;ll	
  gains	
  from	
  trade,	
  in	
  the	
  limited	
  sense	
  that	
  that	
  
winners	
  could	
  compensate	
  the	
  losers,	
  and	
  everyone	
  would	
  be	
  
beSer	
  off.	
8

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20130727 international economics brief summary

  • 1.   2013/7/27(Sat)   Review  of  previous  studies
 Interna;onal  Economics    theory  and  policy   1  
  • 2. Previous  contents •  Chapter1  Introduc;on   •  Chapter2  World  trade:  An  overview   •  Chapter3  Labor  produc;vity  and  compara;ve  advantage   –  :The  Ricardian  model   •  Chapter4  Specific  factors  and  Income  distribu;on   •  Chapter5  Resources  and  trade   –  :The  Heckscher-­‐Ohlin  model   2
  • 3. Chapter1    Introduc;on 7  themes    recur  throughout  the  study  of   interna;onal  economic   1.  The  gains  from  trade   2.  The  paSern  of  trade   3.  How  much  trade?   4.  Balance  of  payments   5.  Exchange  rate  determina;on   6.  Interna;onal  policy  coordina;on   7.  The  interna;onal  capital  markets   3
  • 4. Chapter2     World  trade:  An  overview •  The  gravity  model   –  The  trade  between  any  two  countries  is  propor;nal  to  the  products  of   their  GDP  and  diminishes  with  distance.   •  Interna;onal  trade  is  at  record  levels  rela;ve  to  the  size  of   the  world  economy.   •  Manufactured  goods  dominate  modern  trade  today.   –  Developing  countries  have  shied  from  being  mainly  exporters  of   primary  products  to  being  mainly  exporters  of  manufactured  goods.   4
  • 5. How  much  trade? •  The  seemingly  eternal  debate  over  how  much   trade  allow  is  the  most  important  policy  theme.   -­‐100   -­‐80   -­‐60   -­‐40   -­‐20   0   20   40   60   80   100   1979   1980   1981   1982   1983   1984   1985   1986   1987   1988   1989   1990   1991   1992   1993   1994   1995   1996   1997   1998   1999   2000   2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   exports   import   net  exports   (Trillion  yen) 5
  • 6. Chapter3     Labor  produc;vity  and  compara;ve  advantage   :The  Ricardian  model   •  The  Ricardian  model   –  Labor  is  the  only  factor  of  produc;on,  and  countries  differ  only  in  the   produc;vity  of  labor  in  different  industries.   –  A  countries  produc;on  paSers  is  determined  by  compara;ve   advantage.   •  Trade  benefits  a  country  in  either  of  two  ways.   –  Instead  of  producing  a  good  for  itself,  a  country  can  produce  another   good  and  trade  it  for  the  desired  good.   –  Trade  enlarges  a  countries  consump;on  possibili;es. 6
  • 7. Chapter4     Specific  factors  and  Income  distribu;on •  Specific  factor  model   –  Differences  in  resources  can  cause  countries  to  have  different  rela;ve   supply  curves,  and  thus  cause  interna;onal  trade.   –  Factors  specific  to  export  sectors  in  each  country  gain  from  trade,   while  factors  specific  to  import-­‐compe;ng  sectors  lose.  Mobile  factors   that  can  work  in  either  sector  may  either  gain  or  lose.   •  Interna;onal  trade  oen  has  strong  effects  on  the   distribu;on  of  income  within  countries.   –  Factors  cannot  move  instantaneously  and  costlessly  from  one  industry   to  another.   –  Changes  in  an  economy’s  output  mix  have  differen;al  effects  on  the   demand  for  different  factors  of  produc;on.   7
  • 8. Chapter5     Resources  and  trade   :The  Heckscher-­‐Ohlin  model   •  Model  of  two-­‐factor  economy   –  Two  countries,  two  goods,  two  factors  of  produc;on   •  Heckscher-­‐Ohlin  theory   –  Countries  tend  to  export  goods  that  are  intensive  in  the  factors   with  which  they  are  abundantly  supplied.   •  The  owners  of  a  country’s  abundant  factors  gain  from   trade,  but  the  owners  of  scarce  factors  lose.   –  There  are  s;ll  gains  from  trade,  in  the  limited  sense  that  that   winners  could  compensate  the  losers,  and  everyone  would  be   beSer  off. 8