Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water. A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.

1. ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND,
OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.
S. A. Isiorho,1
and F. A. Oginni2
1. Department of Geosciences, Indiana University – Purdue University, Ft. Wayne (IPFW),
Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA. E-mail: isiorho@ipfw.edu
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Km. 10, Idiroko Road,
P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. E-mail: kafnog@gmail.com
Canaanland in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria is the home of the Living Faith Tabernacle, the largest
Church Auditorium in the world and that of the Covenant University. The effluent of the treated
waste water in this community is discharged into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as
Atuara), which is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for
hundreds of thousands of people downstream. This eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km
away. Evaluation of the effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place
is being carried out in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating
environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Eight boreholes drilled to depths of
approximately 54m serve the Covenant University community, the combination of which
produces a water requirement of 4,120m3
per day on the campus with about 80% being returned
as waste water. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the
solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each
with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove
nutrients from the waster water. A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in
reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between
6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 –
400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water
treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate
is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and
microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow
rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Other parameters such as
DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates were also considered.
Keywords: Sewage Wastewater Treatment Influent Effluent Wetland Water hyacinth
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The major concern of stakeholders in the development of hydrological basins is the conservation
of the ecosystem. Canaan land is located within latitude 60
40’ North and longitude 30
10’ East. It
is on an area of 236 hectares in the Ado-Odo/Ota Local Government area of Ogun State. Ota is
the Industrial nerve centre of the State. Faith Tabernacle which is the largest Church Auditorium
in the world belonging to the Living Faith Ministry Worldwide is resident in Canaan land.
Covenant University is also located in Canaan land. The hydrological basin to which Canaan land

2. CA CB
CC
CDCA
CECF
Manhole
Underground Concrete Septic Tank
Daniel Hall Road
To R. Atuara
300 dia Pipework
Gate Valve
Surface Water Concrete Tank
Fig. 2: Layout of Canaan Land Sewage Treatment Plant
WWTP
Fig. 1: Covenant University Map
Map
belongs is in the Iju river basin. Activities downstream of this basin include fishing, farming,
commercial, educational institutional and industrial activities.
Sewage in Canaan land is discharged for treatment through an anerobic septic tank in the sewage
treatment plant. Effluent from this tank is treated by passing it through a series of constructed
wetland to discharge into a canal which empties into River Atuara, a tributary to River Iju. The
effluent from the constructed wetland series in Canaanland is expected to improve or at best
maintain a fruitful basin.
2.0 Sewage and Waste water Treatment Facility and Treatment Process in Canaan land.
Generally, septic tank – soak away systems are provided for most of the buildings in Canaan land
to take care of their environmental sewage sanitation requirements. Septic tanks are sufficient for
the treatment of house hold wastes. This can not be the case for the Church premises as it is to
take care of the sanitation needs of more than 50,000 worshippers at least every Sunday. The
septic tank arrangement is not suitable for a University community because of its large
population. Even the Imhoff Tank which is an advance modification of the septic tank is not
adequate for this exercise. Oginni, (2008), indicated that the Imhoff
tanks are best suited to small municipalities and large institutions
where the tributary population is 5,000 or less, and a greater degree
of treatment is not needed. Obviously, Covenant University
community, flying towards World-Class University status and with
a population of about 10,000, can only consider the use of sewage
treatment plant in dealing with its environmental sanitation
requirements. The treatment plant in its campus had been so
designed to handle sewage from the Church premises also.
Sewage treatment site in Canaan land is located at the westernmost
wing of the Covenant University campus remote but opposite to
Daniel Hall. This location is indicated as WWTP in Fig. 1. The
waste
treatment
plant was
initially for
both solid
and liquid
wastes.
They were
separated
after some
years.
Faeces and
toilet
wastes are
treated at
the waste
treatment
plant. The

3. treatment is a biological process. Layout of the treatment plant is as sketched in Fig.2. The
effluent is discharged through the concrete lined open channel leading to the canal where it is
disposed into River Atuara.
Sewage Disposal Tankers evacuate sewage from the Toilets within the Church premises every
week. A total of between 10 and 15 tanker trips are recorded per week. Each Disposal Tanker has
a capacity of 10,000litres. It can therefore be stated that some 12,000 to 18,000 litres of sewage is
generated every week within the Church premises.
Wastewater generated per day by the University community was considered based on the rate of
water supplied per day on the campus. There are a total of 8 boreholes in operation on the campus
together with 4 service reservoirs. Although there are no data for water consumption rate, the rate
of refilling of the reservoirs was given as 4 refills per day. The capacities of the tanks put together
was given as 1,054,000 litres on daily basis, thus the water consumed/day can be estimated as
4,216m3
/day. It should be noted that this consumption included water use in the laboratories,
workshops, gardening and other uses such as on going construction works on the campus. Of this
4,216m3
/day water consumption, 80% is considered to return as wastewater. Maintaining wetland
in urbanized areas has a lot of considerations. Isiorho, (2006) discussed challenges of maintaining
urban wetlands. Sewage is discharged into existing Inspection Chambers around the sloppy road
to Daniel Hall area. It will then flow by gravity into the underground Septic tank, where complex
organic materials are anaerobically decomposed to simple organic molecules and fermentation
gases. When the build up gets to a specific level it begins to flow into the constructed wetland by
gravity. The operating principle is the same as that of the septic tank flowing into the soak-away
chamber. The wastewater flows into the constructed wetlands are the main focus of this paper.
3.0 Wastewater Treatment Assessment Criteria
It is the biological process in the constructed wetland that need be evaluated for its adequacy and
efficiences. The quality of the wastewater is to be monitored from the effluent discharged into the
constructed wetland through the various chambers up to its point of discharge into the canal.
In order to establish the adequacy of the treatment system, the canal to which the effluent is to be
discharged should also be monitored before and after the discharge points.
Since water hyacinth, (E. crassipens) is used in the constructed wetland, its responses and
effectiveness in this context will be compared to expected surface water quality. Surface water
quality standards are obtainable in the literature. Hammer, (1977) classified the surface water
criteria for public water supplies into the following characteristics:
(i) physical (ii) microbiological (iii) Inorganic chemicals
(iv) organic chemicals (v) radiactivity
The water quality parameters as indicated by MoDNR, (2008) gave a comprehensive list of 22
different water quality parameters. These are Acidity, Alkalinity, Ammonia, BOD, CBOD, COD,
Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fecal Coliform, Hardness, Metals, Nitrate, Nitrite,
Nitrogen as Total Kjeldahl ((Organic Nitrogen and Ammonia ), TKN), Nitrogen, Nitrogen as
Ammonia, Phosphorus, pH, Total Solids, Temperature, and Turbidity. Some of the parameters
are related to themselves. For instance record of pH can give insight into acidity or alkalinity.
Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, TKN, Nitrogen and Nitrogen as Ammonia are all Nitrogen related
parameters. In this paper, physical, chemical and microbiological parameters are considered. The
specific qualities and their variations within the constructed wetland stated below are considered
for analyses.
(i) pH (ii) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (iii) Conductivity
(iv) Coliform colonies counts (v) Nitrogen and (vi) Nitrates

4. 4.0 Sampling and Laboratory Tests
3 sets of sampling / investigations were carried out for three sets of wastewater quality
parameters. In – situ tests of pH, Total Dissolved Solids and Conductivity were carried out for the
constructed wetland series at different spots / locations. Results are presented in Table 1.
Temperature during these investigations was 280
C throughout the exercise. Samples were taken
from each cell within the first chamber, CA to reveal the possibility of variation within chambers.
Eleven sampling points were identified for the bacteriological and chemical tests. Eight of these
points were in the constructed wetland chambers. Two different sampling points per chamber, at
entrance and exit from chambers A and B were considered. Results on these were to reveal any
variation within the four cells in each chamber. Sampling points G, H and I were for the effluent
discharge channel point, a location on the canal at some 300m upstream of the discharge point
and 300m downstream of same discharge point respectively. This is to enable us assess the effect
of the treated wastewater on the water flow in the canal leading to River Atuara.
TABLE 1: RESULTS OF pH, TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS AND CONDUCTIVITY
SPOT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETER
REMARKSTOTAL DISSOLVED
SOLIDS, TDS (ppm)
CONDUCTIVITY
(milliliters/sec.)
pH
1 Influent Tank 397 610 6.8
2 Chamber CA – Cell 1 390 580 6.8
3 Chamber CA – Cell 2 400 600 6.8 Entrance to Cell2
4 Chamber CA – Cell 2 390 580 6.8 Mid-way
5 Chamber CA – Cell 3 400 590 6.75 Entrance to Cell3
6 Chamber CA – Cell 3 400 590 6.75 Exit from Cell 3
7 Chamber CB – Cell 4 370 540 6.75
8 Chamber CC – Cell 4 380 570 6.75 Exit
9 Chamber CD – Cell 4 380 560 6.7 Exit
10 Chamber CE – Cell 4 370 550 6.75 Exit
11 Chamber CF – Cell 4 365 543 6.75 Exit
12 Effluent channel 355 530 6.8 2.5m away
In order to carryout sampling for bacteriological quality and chemical characteristics analyses,
250ml conical flasks were sterilized preparatory to collection of wastewater samples from various
chambers and cells of the constructed wetlands. The samples were forced through a filter and
incubated at a specific temperature for specific time. The resulting colonies that formed during
the incubation were counted and recorded as the number of colony producing unit per 100ml of
water. Standard Methods for the examination of water & wastewater were adhered to.
Presumptive tests for coliform was first undertaken. Most Probable Number of coliform in 100ml
of water, MPN/100ml, was obtained. The Table of Most Probable Number was used. Results for
the various samples are shown in Table 2. After inoculation of positive plates, from presumptive
test at 370
C for 24 hours on Eosin methylene blue agar, a bluish black with a metallic sheen was
observed. This serves as a confirmatory test for Coliform. A complete test is carried out on

5. Colonies from confirmatory test result above by inoculating in a tube of lactose broth with
inverted Durham tube and nutrient agar sealant. This was incubated at 440
C for 24hrs.
Explanations on the confirmatory and complete tests are that (i) if lactose broth culture produces
acid and gas, it implies Positive i.e. Positive test that E.coli is present to the degrees shown in
Table 2. If Sealant culture gives a Gram negative, non sporulating bacilli, this confirms that
Coliform (E. Coli.) is present. This is used to test the quality of water.
Standard procedures are presented by Standard Methods, (1998) Feng et al., (2002) .
TABLE 2: RESULTS OF PRESUMPTIVE TEST FOR COLIFORM
MOST PROBABLE NUMBER OF COLIFORM IN 100ml OF WATER
S/NO SAMPLE MPN / 100ml REMARKS
(cfu/ml) Obtained from the MPN Table
1 A1 1,600 Entrance into Chamber A, CA
2 A2 1,600 20
3 B1 550 20
4 B2 250 40
5 C 275 60
6 D 250 80
7 E 50 100
8 F 13 120
9 G - Effluent channel
10 H - 300m Upstream Effluent Discharge Point
11 I - 300m Downstream Effluent Discharge Point
The various media applied for different parameters put to test for bacteriological analyses were
MacConkey Agar for Coliform; Mannitol Salt Agar for Staphylococcus; Brilliant Green Agar
for Salmonella; Salmonella Shigella Agar for Salmonella and Shigella. Others are
Nutrient Agar for Total Viable Count, TVC; and Potato DextrosebAgar for Fungi, mainly Yeast.
Results obtained are presented in Table 3.
TABLE 3: TREATMENTS AND RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
S/No SAMPLES/
MEDIA
(102
)
MacConkey
Agar/Coliform
(cfu/ml)*
Mannitol
Salt Agar
(cfu/ml)
Brilliant
Green Agar
(cfu/ml)
Salmonella
Shigella Agar
(cfu/ml)
Nutrient
Agar
(cfu/ml)
Potato
Dextrose Agar
(cfu/ml)
Colifom Staphyloco
ccus
Salmonella Salmonella and
Shigella
Total Viable
Count (TVC)
Fungi (Mainly
Yeast)
1 A1 120 108 132 136 143 52
2 A2 108 102 121 104 131 48
3 B1 98 96 117 101 115 32
4 B2 95 78 108 89 102 26
5 C 62 49 102 70 99 28
6 D 55 42 86 66 78 19
7 E 40 27 81 57 60 14
8 F 18 22 63 41 48 09
9 G - 12 21 09 19 06
10 H - 16 36 13 25 11

6. 11 I - 09 07 04 10 04
*cfu/ml is colony unit per milliliter
Testing for the Nitrogen and Nitrates concentrations in the water sample were undertaken using
the Palintest photometer following the standard kits and procedures. In this method, nitrate is first
reduced to nitrite, which is determined by a diazonium reaction with sulphanilic acid in the
presence of N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylene diamine to form a reddish dye. This reduction stage is
carried out using the unique zinc-based Nitratest powder and Nitratest tablet which aids rapid
flocculation after a one minute contact period. The intensity of the colour produced in the test is
proportional to that of the nitrate concentration and is measured using the photometer.
Measurements were replicated and averages were taken. The resulting concentrations are
presented in Table 4.
TABLE 4: NITROGEN AND NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS
5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Total Dissolved Solids, (TDS) averaged 397ppm at the influent into the constructed wetland.
This value reduced to 390ppm in the first cell of the first chamber. A variability of 21
/2% in the
TDS was observed within the cells of the first chamber. A chamber in the constructed wetland is
20m long x 6m wide. The second chamber, CB dropped to 370ppm to rise to 380ppm in the third
chamber, CC. TDS then reduced gradually until the last Chamber. The TDS reduced by 8%
within the wetland. This trend is shown in Fig. 3. and continued to the effluent channel, point G.
Conductivity ranged form 600ml/sec to 543ml/sec. as shown in Fig. 3. The reduction rate was
10% only. This trend is similar to that of the TDS. This portrays the system as inefficient. The
residing time of the material within the wetland will need to be improved in order to have more
time to allow the hyacinth plant and microbes enough time to reduce the TDS. The pH over the
entire range remained constant at 6.8. Generally, a range of 6.5 to 9.5 is tolerable. The pH of 6.8
is considered low and may be due to high levels of free CO2 in the water samples (Okokwo et al.,
2008).
Results of the presumptive test for coliform indicate that the most probable number of coliform
in100ml of this wastewater in the first chamber is 1600cfu/100ml. This value did not vary within
the chamber but dropped sharply to 550cfu at the entrance to second chamber, CB with a further
drop of 250cfu within the 20m chamber length. A reduction trend in this parameter is as shown in
S/NO SAMPLES
CONCENTRATION. (mg/l)
REMARKSNITROGEN, N NITRATE, NO3
-
1 A1 0.268 1.177
2 A2 0.258 1.135
3 B1 0.541 2.378
4 B2 0.733 3.223
5 C 0.513 2.255
6 D 0.845 3.718
7 E 0.778 3.421
8 F 0.615 2.706
9 G 0.415 1.826
10 H 0.305 1.340
11 I 0.270 1.188

7. FIG. 6: PRESENT CONDITION OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CELLS OF CHAMBER A, CA
CHAMBER CA, CELL 2
CHAMBER CA, CELL 1
Fig.5: Variation of Isolated Bacteria Species, TVC and Fungi
Within The Wetland
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Distance From Influent Along the Wetland Series
ColonyUnitPerml(cfu/ml)
Coliform Staphylococcus
Salmonella Salmonella and Shigella
Total Viable Count, (TVC) Fungi (Mainly Yeast)
Fig. 4. The MPN recorded for sample G, in the effluent channel is zero. Zero figures were also
recorded for samples taken 300m before and after effluent discharge into the canal. This shows
an evidence of non pollution of the hydrological basin by this wastewater treatment plant.
Fig. 4: Variation of MPN Along the Wetland
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Distance from Influent Along the Wetland Series
MostProbableNoofColiform/100ml
From the results and trend shown in Fig. 4, we are recommending that an additional chamber to
the existing series of constructed wetland through which we envisage an MPN of zero to be
achieved within the constructed wetland. A second additional chamber is expected to totally
remove the contaminants.
Results of the bacteriological analyses are shown graphically in Fig. 5. Coliform
counts reduced from 120cfu/ml at the influent spot by the first chamber to 18cfu/ml
by the last chamber, CF. Similarly staphylococcus, salmonella, salmonella and
shigella, bacteria counts followed the same trend as the coliform presentation. The
same trend was obtained for the Total Viable Count and Fungi. TVC at the last
chamber CF was 48cfu/ml, which is below the 1.0x102
cfu/ml, Okonko et al, (2008)
Fig. 3: Comparisons of Trends of TDS, Conductivity and pH Along
The Constructed Wetland
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Distance From Influent Along The Series of Wetland
ValuesofPhysicalProperties
Total Dissolved Solids, TDS, (ppm) Conductivity (Millilitres/sec) pH

8. Fig. 7: Variation of Nitrate and Ntrogen Concentrations Within
The Wetland Series
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Distance From Influent Along The Wetland Series
Concentration(MG/L)
Nitrogen Concentration (MG/L) Nitrate Concentration (MG/L)
limit for water. FAO, (!997) recommended standard for water is nil. An interesting result of these
tests is the presentation within the first chamber where inadequate reduction rate was observed
from the records. This was corroborated by the photograph in Fig. 6 which shows that the water
hyacinth in the first cell of the first Chamber, CA was weedy. Again the quality of the water
hyacinth in the first chamber is generally lower than in the other chambers. Annexed photo is for
CB.
Results from locations G, H and I, indicate that they are not polluted by the wetlands. However,
the colony-forming units/ml, (cfu/ml) result for station H, 300m upstream of discharge point,
indicated higher pollution levels. Generally, from the records and trends presented, it can be said
that the constructed wetland series has been able to remove
contaminants from the wastewater adequately.
The concentrations of Nitrogen and Nitrates in the samples
range from 0.845mg/l to 0.258mg/l and from 3.718mg/l to
1.135mg/l respectively. Lowest values were recorded for
Chamber CA exit point while highest values were for the
fourth chamber in both cases. Though the concentration of
Nitrate increased within the wetland series, its values were
far below the 50mg/l limit which WHO guidelines
recommended, Fawell, 2007. The concern for both nitrate
and nitrite is the potential for methaemoglobin formation in
bottle-fed infants. WHO guidelines is based on
epidemiological evidence which indicates that
methaemoglobinaemia is rarely found in water
concentration below 50mg/l.
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A gradual reduction of 8% was achieved in the Total dissolved solids while 11% reduction was
obtained in the conductivity within this constructed wetland series. The pH remained constant at
6.8 over the entire sampled area and its value though fell within acceptable range of 6.5 to 9.
These imply that some level of treatment actually took place.
The microbiological test results indicate a 99% reduction in the Most Probable Number of
coliforms from 1600cfu/100ml in the wetland. A 100% reduction in this contaminant would have
been achieved if the water hyacinth plant in the first cell of the first wetland chamber had been
maintained without weed (Fig. 6 and its annex). The constructed wetland was able to record 85%
reduction for coliform, 79% for staphylococcus, 52% for salmonella, 79% for salmonella and
shigella, 66% for total viable count and 83% for fungi. Results of the colony units/ml, cfu/ml, for
these parameters, obtained upstream, at point H and downstream, point I of the point of discharge
into the canal compared with figures for point G showed adequacy of removal of contaminants by
the constructed wetland series. Further work is being suggested on modeling of these interesting
trends.
Since the level of pollution at points H and I, which are expected to be the same, are not so, we
are recommending that further work can be carried out to determine the rate of recovery of the
water in the canal from pollution.
Although the values of Nitrate levels within the wetland are far below the 50mg/l limit
recommended by the WHO guidelines and do not pose any danger to pollution, the trend is
believed to be reducing rather than rising. Further studies are required in this regard.

9. REFERENCES
American Public Health Association. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
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FAO, (Food and Agriculture Organisation), 1977. Chemical analysis manual for food and
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Fawell, John, 2007. Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines. Foundation for Water Research,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We appreciate the supports given by Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW),
Ft. Wayne, Indiana USA and Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. We thank Messrs.
Segun Ishola, Ayo Falomo and Engr. Omole for helping in the sampling and data gathering and
Engineers Noah, Albert and Paul for helping in providing information. Thanks to Folusho Oginni
and Dr. Adekalu for editing of the paper.