Legume cover crops can provide a significant source of nitrogen (N) in organic farming systems. They fix atmospheric N through symbiotic bacteria, and the legume residue decomposes to release N for subsequent crops. The amount of N contributed depends on the legume species, biomass production, and time of termination. Farmers must determine biomass levels through clipping samples and calculate N content based on tissue testing or estimated percentages. Only about half the total legume N will typically be available to crops in the first year, with the remainder mineralizing in subsequent seasons. Proper species selection and termination timing are important to maximize N benefits while minimizing legume competition with cash crops.
Legume Cover Crops Provide Nitrogen and Soil Benefits
1. Legume Cover Crops in an
Organic System
Julie Grossman
Department of Soil Science
North Carolina State University
2.
3. Primary sources of N in organic systems
Soil Nitrogen Legumes Animal manures
4. National Organic Program What it means…
National Organic Program (NOP): Soil
Requirement
Management in Organic reduced-tillage encouraged
No- or Systems
205.203(a) Select and implement tillage and
cultivation practices that maintain or improve the
physical, chemical, and biological condition of soil
and minimize soil erosion.
• .
205.203(b): Manage crop nutrients and soil fertility Application of organic residues
through rotations, cover crops, and the application • Section
encouraged: cover crops, composts, and
of plant and animal materials manures
205.203(c) and (d): Manage plant and animal Need to build, or at least maintain soil
materials to maintain or improve soil organic matter organic matter.
content in a manner that does not contribute to
contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant Certain inputs prohibited. Limit over-
nutrients, pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, or application of nutrients.
residues of prohibited substances.
NOP,
5. Cover crop (n): A crop planted between periods of
regular crop production to provide other benefits
besides food production .
Legume cover crops contribute up to 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1
depending on species, climate, management, and soil properties
(Ledgard, 2001; Tonitto et al., 2006)
Soil organic matter increases result from regular use of legume
cover crops in rotation (Marriot and Wander, 2006; Wander et al., 2007)
6. Is the main purpose to add N, or Is erosion control in fall or
to scavenge nutrients? spring a primary objective?
Do you want the cover crop to provide Are root
large amounts of residue to build soil diseases or
carbon? plant parasitic
nematodes a
problem?
Does the soil
have a
compaction
Is weed suppression your main goal?
problem?
Will the climate and
water holding
capacties of your soil What species is best for
influence water your climate (i.e. winter?)
uptake by cover crop
and ‗steal‘ water from
main crop?
7. Providing fixed-N through winter annual
legume cover crops
N2
Crop residue
Mineral Nitrogen
Biological
Nitrogen
Fixation
Decomposition
8. Decomposition and N release from legumes is
a microbially-controlled process
Available N
decomposition
Partially Microbes Humus
Legume residue
decomposed themselves
• Nitrogen accumulation and release in legumes controlled
by:
• Rate of biological nitrogen fixation
• Growth stage at which terminated
• Residue biochemistry
• Association with decomposing microorganisms
• Climatic conditions; temperature and moisture
10. Slight Fall
Cover Cover crop
growth &
Crop dormancy Spring kill
Planting growth
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept
Crop
Harvest
Planting
Rotation With Winter Annual
Leguminous Cover Crops
11. Austrian Winter Pea,
Hairy Vetch: AU Early Cover Whistler and Variety
(Auburn Univ), winter unstated
hardy Early Cover (NY), AU Hairy Vetch, Purple
Merit Prosperity, USDA
Subterranian clover, Denmark White Lupin, TifBlue78
Crimson Clover:AU Robin, AU
Sunrise,Tibbee, Dixie
Berseem clover, Bigbee
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/Texascrops/foragelegumes/index.html, NCAT
12. Winter Annual Cover Crops
Cover crop Slight fall growth; Strong spring growth
Cover
crop kill
dormancy
planted Crop planting
October April – May Aug-Sept
Legumes Grasses
Austrian Winter Pea Annual cereals: rye, wheat,
buckwheat, oats
Crimson Clover
Hairy Vetch
Subterranean Clover
13. Austrian Winter Pea
Also called Field Peas
Grown as summer crop in
northern regions
Succulent stems break down
easily and are a quick source of
available N
Peas do not make a good
organic mulch for weed control
Susceptible to Sclerotinia crown
rot
Range of Austrian
Winter Pea
14. Hairy Vetch
Winter hardy, so is popular in
northern regions
Often contributes up to 100 lb N
acre-1 to the following crop
Breeding has developed early-
maturing varieties:
Early Cover
Purple Prosperity
Purple Bounty
15. Crimson Clover
Historically thought to be one of
the best cover crops for the
Southeast
Not winter hardy
Named varieties developed at
Auburn University
Sunrise
Tibbee
Robin
Dixie
The ―crimson clover zone‖—east
of the Mississippi, from southern
Pennsylvania and southern Illinois
south
16. Summer Annual Cover Crops
Cover crop Summer Cover crop
planting growth
kill
October April – May Aug-Sept
Legumes Grasses
Cowpeas Sorghum sudangrass
Berseem clover
Velvetbean (Mucuna)
17. Cowpea
Native to Africa and do well in
hot climates
Many different cowpea varieties
exist, including some intended
for food (blackeyed peas,
southern peas, crowder peas,
etc), as well as later maturing
types like Iron-Clay
Rapidly form dense cover that
can shade out weeds quickly
18. Velvetbean
Mucuna pruriens
The plant is an annual, climbing
shrub with long vines that can
reach over 15 m in length.
When the plant is young, it is
almost completely covered with
fuzzy hairs
Native to Southeast Asia, does
well in warm moist climates
Popular in southern U.S. from
1875-1960
Some evidence from Auburn
university shows velvetbean may
have nematacidal properties
19. Biennial and Perennial Cover
Crops
Grown throughout year
October April – May Aug-Sept
Legumes
Alfalfa
Red clover
White clover
Yellow/sweet clover
20. UC Davis cover crop database; a great resource!
http://sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/search_ccrop.html#crops
21. Legume N Value?
4
E q u iva le n t N P ric e ($ /lb N )
E q u iv a le n t N P ric e
3
C rim s o n c lo v e r
U AN 30%
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
L e g u m e P ro d u c tivity (lb N /a c )
22. Legume N Value?
4
E q u iva le n t N P ric e ($ /lb N )
E q u iv a le n t N P ric e
3
C rim s o n c lo v e r
U AN 30%
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
L e g u m e P ro d u c tivity (lb N /a c )
23. How do I know how much
N is in my cover crop?
1. Determine the biomass
produced.
2. Determine the nutrient levels in
that biomass.
3. Predict how quickly the biomass
will decompose, releasing
nutrients for cash crops.
4. Calculate whether additional
nutrients are required for the
desired crop yields.
24. First step: determine your biomass
3ft
1. Find a yardstick or metal frame
of known dimensions. 3ft 9 ft2
2. In several areas of your field,
clip the plants at ground level You have sampled two 3x3 ft
within the known area. regions of your field. The dried
3. Dry the samples in an oven at samples together weigh 2.5 lbs.
about 140°F for 24 to 48 hours How much biomass per acre do
until they are crunchy dry you have?
4. Calculate: ANSWER: 6,050 LB ACRE
___________________________
Area sampled: 3x3 = 9 ft2 * 2 = (18
ft2 )
2.5 lbs * 43,560 sq ft = 6050
18 1 acre
25. Cover crop residue left after
rolling with the crimper controls
weeds and contributes N to corn
26. Another way to determine biomass
(but not as accurate!)
1. Use height and density of You have a hairy vetch cover crop
the cover crop to that is 18 inches tall and has
determine biomass 100% coverage. How much
biomass do you have?
ANSWER: 3,800 lbs
2. At 100% ground cover and ____________________________
6 inch height, most First 6 inches = 2000 lbs
legumes contain 2000 lbs / Additional 12 inches =
(150 lbs)(12 inches) = 1800
acre of dry matter 1800 + 2000 = 3,800 lbs!
Less than 100% cover? Multiply by
3. For each additional inch, the percent cover you have. 60%
add 150 lbs cover?
(3800 lbs) (.60) = 2,280 lbs
(Adapted from Sarrantonio, 1998)
27. Second step: determine the nutrients
in your biomass
• Use tissue tests or If your hairy vetch cover
estimate %N in cover crop in the last example
crop (3,800 lbs of biomass)
• Multiply the dry biomass has 4% N at kill, how
yield times the much N are you applying
percentage of nitrogen. to your field?
ANSWER: 152 lbs of N
_____________________
(3,800 lbs/acre)(.04) =
152 lbs of N
28. How much N is in my cover crop?
Which cover crop? Examples How much N?
Legumes Hairy vetch, crimson 3-4% at flowering
clover, Austrian winter 2.5-3% at seed-set
pea
Non-legume grasses Rye, sudex 2-3% at flowering
1.5-2.5% at seed-set
Other non-legumes Brassicas, buckwheat Similar to slightly below
grasses
29.
30. Roots are the
unknown zone
of N
contribution!
Impressive Austrian
winter pea root system!
31. Third step: How much N
will be made available to my
crop?
To conservatively estimate how If your hairy vetch is incorporated
much N is made available to your in the soil in early may in a normal
crop over the entire growing spring, how much N will be
season, multiply legume biomass available to your crop?
nitrogen:
_______________________
by 0.50 if the cover crop residue (152 lbs of N)(.50) =
will be incorporated
by 0.40 if the residue will be left
on the soil surface.
76 lbs of N!
32. Tillage in organic systems
Cover crop termination using a disk Cultivation for weed control
Challenges:
• Erosion
• Depletion of organic matter
• Energy costs
33. Levels of microbially-available carbon (Aka, microbe food!) in
organic and conventional soils are different
When organic management is combined with elimination of
Organic no-tillage tillage, the result is more carbon that microbes can use for
growth and development, and thus more nutrient release!
No cover crop
Organic w/ tillage Conventional no-tillage
Conventional tillage
34. Systems with reduced tillage and high cover crop
use have greater microbial activity
1. Microbial biomass carbon 2. Microbial biomass nitrogen
Organic no-tillage
Organic no-tillage
Organic w/ tillage
Organic w/ tillage
Conventional
Conventional
Microbial biomass carbon (1) and nitrogen (2) across multiple sampling dates. Data
are analyzed across treatments within each sampling date.
Larsen, 2012
35. Cover crops can be terminated by a
roller crimper
Weed
control can
be
impressive
Large water-filled drum with
chevron-shaped blades
No, not this kind of crimper!
Roller on
front,
planter on
back
36. Total legume N contributed to
rolled systems can be high
Legume Biomass N (Kg ha-1)
250.0 Hairy Vetch
200.0 Crimson Clover Austrian Winter Pea
150.0
Kg ha-1
100.0
50.0
0.0
aue aum ear mel vet aur* aus* dix* tib big hub den* tif whi pea
* Designates 1 year of data only Parr et al., Agronomy Journal, 2011
37. Termination time using a roller impacts legume
N biomass in Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa)
late
250 mid
early
200
Biomass N (Kg ha-1)
150
100 Unsuccessful termination causes Mid April
competition with cash crop Late April
50 Mid May
0
"Early Cover" "Merit" "WinterHardy "Purple
Early Cover" Prosperity"
Cultivar
38. N is lower in overly-mature cover crops
Crimson Clover Hairy Vetch Mulch
Mulch
42. And we couldn‘t get it done without the students …..
Thanks!
Projects supported by the Fulbright, Natural Resources Conservation Service Conservation
Innovation Grant, and USDA Organic Transitions Programs.
Editor's Notes
My main goal for the next 40 minutes is to help you understand the range of research conducted by my lab which, as its broad goal, explores the ways in which we can better manage plant-soil-microbe relationships in order to develop sustainable food production systems. Specifically we have been exploring how legumes can be a critical piece of both organic and conventional farming systems, and describe some of the work my group and I do to try to answer timely research questions to help farmers use legume cover crops to their maximum potential.
Congress passed the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 in order to establish national standards for how organic foods are produced. This legislation requires that all except the smallest organic growers have to be certified by a State or private agency accredited under national standards. USDA implemented this legislation on October 21, 2002. Soil fertility management practices in organic systems include those that increase or promote 1) soil organic matter, 2) biological activity and 3) nutrient availability.
Legume cover cropos are often used in rotation with cash crops to meet some of the goals set forward in organic agricultureA cover crop is…Benefits arising from cover crop use include Such contributions can result in corn yields that meet (Drinkwater et al., 2000; Utomo et al., 1990) or exceed (Gallagher et al., 2003) HBN-fertilized corn.
While a cover crop can be a legume or a non-legume, one of the primary ways that organic growers bring N to their crop plants is through the process of biological nitrogen fixation mediated through legume cover crops. Biological Nitrogen Fixation: plant-bacteria relationship through which plants can use atmospheric N otherwise unavailable to themMaize picture from free clip art: http://plants.phillipmartin.info/plants_corn_plant.htm
Even if legume- based N fertility reliably meets crop N needs, large N losses from these systems would be environmentally problematic. increased storage of N within the soil OM fractioncan leave a pool of N vulnerable to loss if N is mineralized in excess of crop needs (Baggs et al., 2000; Rosecrance et al., 2000; Crews and Peoples, 2005).
A wide range of legume possibilities exist that could be terminated using the roller crimper
Cover crops are typically planted between rotations of income-producing crops, but they can also be planted at the same time.
The Austrian winter pea is a low growing vine annual legume. It is sometimes called a black pea or field pea. It has a hollow, slender, succulent stem that is 2-4 feet long. The Austrian winter pea pods have 3-5 round dark seeds that are commonly mottled with purple or brown spots. The foliage is pale green and the flowers are purple, pink or reddish. Peas prefer well-limed, well-drained clay or heavy loam soils, near-neutral pH or above and moderate fertility. They also do well on loamy sands in North Carolina. Field peas usually are drilled 1 to 3 inches deep to ensure contact with moist soil and good anchoring for plants.If you broadcast peas, incorporation will greatly improve stands, as seed left exposed on the surface generally does not germinate well. Longvined plants that are shallow-seeded at low seeding rates tend to fall over (lodge), lay against the soil and rot.
ith its rapid, robust growth, crimson clover provides early spring nitrogen for full-season crops. Rapid fall growth, or summer growth in cool areas, also makes it a top choice for short-rotation niches as a weed suppressing green manure. Seed six to eight weeks before the average date of first frost at 15 to 18 lb./A drilled, 22 to 30 lb./A broadcast. As with other winter legumes, the ideal date varies with elevation. In North Carolina, for example, the recommended seeding dates are three weeks later along the coast than in the mountains.Don’t plant too early or crimson clover will go to seed in the fall and not regrow in spring until the soil warms up enough to germinate seeds.
Cover crops are typically planted between rotations of income-producing crops, but they can also be planted at the same time.
Cover crops are typically planted between rotations of income-producing crops, but they can also be planted at the same time.
We began by addressing the question of appropriate timing of legume kill using the roller/crimper by killing each of the 14 legume populations at 3 different kill dates: mid-April, late-April, and mid-May. Biomass was taken from each plot after rolling and N quantified.
If the stand has less than 100 percent ground coverage, multiply the total weight by the percentage of ground covered, represented as a decimal number (the percentage divided by 100). If the percentage of ground covered in the example above is 60 percent, then the weight of the dry matter is: 3,800 X 0.60 (60/100) = 2,280 pounds of dry biomass (Adapted from Sarrantonio, 1998)
Determining the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) in the cover crop biomass is the most common way to estimate how quickly biomass N will be mineralized and released for use by cash crops. As a general rule, cover crop residues with C:N ratios lower than 25:1 will release N quickly. In the southeastern U. S., legume cover crops, such as hairy vetch and crimson clover, killed immediately before corn planting generally have C:N ratios of 10:1 to 20:1 (Ranells and Wagger, 1997). Residues with C:N ratios greater than 25:1, such as cereal rye and wheat, decompose more slowly and their N is more slowly released.
One common management tool used in organic agriculture is that of tillage, which is used for both weed control as you can see here in the first slide, and for cover crop termination. This causes challenges such as erosion, organic matter depletion and increase in energy costs as more fuel is used for the increased number of operations.One of the major goals of organic agriculture is to reduce tillage, but you can see how this would be difficult
Reducing tillage also helps us achieve one of the other goals set forth by the national organic program – that of increasing soil biological activity.Research conducted by Erika Larsen in our lab supports the idea that systems that reduce tillage in combination with increased carbon-rich inputs, such as are found in organically managed systems, can result in increased pools of microbial carbon and nitrogen.When comparing microbial biomass across long term organic and conventional systems each with a tillage and no-tillage component, we can see the increases reuslting when organic management is combinned with the elimination of tillage. Additional research conducted by Erika also show increases in additional labile C and N pools, such as particulate organic matter in these same treatments, serving as a slowly-available nutrient source for cash crops. However, due to weed control issues, yields in these no-till organic systems can be extremely low, a chalenge other researchers are grappling with.
An alternative method for cover crop termination with which our lab has been playing around with is known as a roller crimper….Oh wait! Not THAT kind of crimper! Lets try that again…
In Mary Parr’s masters research we investigated the total N contributions from a wide range of legume species and varieties and found that some species, such as hairy vetch, provided up to 100% of the N requirments of corn, whereas others fell a bit below the crop’s N requirements.Corn normally requires 134-179 kg ha-1 (120-160 lbs N acre yr )kg/ha × 0.89 = lbs/acre Vetch delivered 150 – 180 lb N acreBigbee:Hubam: sweet cloverDenmark: SubterranianclovrTif = LupinAll biomass data for mid-May except those denoted by * where the optimum date was late April
I mentioned earlier that we have some decisions that can be made in timing of termination. So what happens when we kill the cover crops at various points using the roller crimper? Well, logically the longer we let the cover crop grow in the field the more N that accumulates in the legume tissue. Early termination at a point when it may be more reasonable for corn planting, such as in early to mid april, isn’t an option due to insufficient termination of the cover.
We have also found that when corn is planted into legume residue that was not killed until seed had almost set, that we sometimes observed N deficiency symptoms in the corn, an observation corroborated by the soil N data. In summary, we have learned that when using the roller crimper timing is everything and may not fit all systems in terms of optimizing both N delivery, competition with a cash crop and weed control.
After looking at the N-dynamics under rolled legumes, we realized that there may be differences in the way that legume species release available N when using different termination approaches in the spring. Matt Brown is exploring this research question using time series of both traditional soil N extractions as well as PRS plant root simulator probes to measure flux of available N under decomposing mulches. He is comparing rolled systems to those that are flail mowed and left on the soil surface, and those that are mowed and incorporated into the soil using tillage (here seen as ‘till’), with the hypothesis that the incorporated residues may release N at a faster rate. Here you see the prs probe data for hairy vetch residues. The data supports our hypothesis that incorporated residues do release N at a higher rate, especially within the first few weeks after termination. For more on Matt’s findings stay tuned for his defense seminar this fall!