An informative presentation about Microfinance (Credit) Bureaus, prepared by Planet Finance.
Source: Dutheil, M. (2006). Microfinance Bureaus : Balancing Vision and Pragmatic Solutions. Available: info.worldbank.org/etools/library/latestversion.asp?235943. Last accessed 2, April, 2010.
1. Microfinance Bureaus :
Balancing Vision and Pragmatic Solutions
Regional Conference on Credit Reporting in Africa
Organized by the World Bank and the IFC
Break-out Session on Microfinance Bureaus
Cape Town, South Africa
October 6, 2006
Mehdi Dutheil, Regional Director
1
2. AGENDA
THE CASE FOR CREDIT REPORTING IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR
INTEGRATED CREDIT BUREAUS: LONG TERM VISION AND PRESENT DAY REALITIES
CASE STUDIES: INDUSTRY-LED VS. GOVERNMENT-LED MICROCREDIT BUREAUS
PERSPECTIVES
2
3. AGENDA
THE CASE FOR CREDIT REPORTING IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR
INTEGRATED CREDIT BUREAUS: LONG TERM VISION AND PRESENT DAY REALITIES
CASE STUDIES: INDUSTRY-LED VS. GOVERNMENT-LED MICROCREDIT BUREAUS
PERSPECTIVES
3
4. ARE CREDIT BUREAUS REALLY USEFUL IN MICROFINANCE ?
Banks make consumer loans using credit-bureau data for salaried
borrowers with an automated, “high-tech” credit scoring approach
Quantitative data are essential, hence credit bureaus are a priority
On the contrary, microfinance enterprise loans are based on an
individualized, labor-intensive “high-touch” approach to get data directly
from the applicant and analyze the cash flows and personal character of the
microentrepreneur *
– self-employed poor cannot document income and credit history
– to compensate, MFIs send out credit officers to applicants‟ homes
Consequently, credit reporting and credit bureaus used to be deemed
secondary in the microfinance sector
(*) Hans Dellien, WWB, and Mark Schreiner, MRM, December 2005
4
5. BEFORE CREDIT BUREAUS: THE BOLIVIAN CRISIS
IMPACT OF NOT HAVING CREDIT REPORTING: THE EXAMPLE OF BOLIVIA
Bad Debt Rate - Bolivia
In the late 1990s there
was a crisis in the
Bolivian microfinance
sector due to over
indebtedness of the
clients
The main cause for the
crisis was the lack of
information sharing tools.
COOPERATIVES
5
6. HOW IS CREDIT INFORMATION USED?
In pre- In credit In portfolio
selection underwriting management
To sort out bad To identify bad To identify
borrowers up-front borrowers deterioration of
To offer better existing borrowers
To price risk
conditions to good accordingly To avoid aggregation
borrowers of bad debt among a
To use automated / number of financial
To reduce the cost semi-automated institutions
of credit underwriting tools To collect the most
like credit scoring risky debt first
6
7. BENEFITS OF CREDIT BUREAUS IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR
AT THE CLIENT’S LEVEL
Increased efficiency in the evaluation of a
loan can result in faster loan processing
Clients with a good record can get
preferential services and lower prices
Clients are empowered to apply for credit in
another location
Default prone clients have the desire to
obtain a good report and will hence be
encouraged to pay their bad debts
Lower risk of over-indebtedness by clients
7
8. BENEFITS OF CREDIT BUREAUS IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR
AT THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL:
BETTER INFORMATION SHARING AND DECISION MAKING
More reliable decision making
Minimizing risk because of a better visibility on borrowers‟ past and
ongoing default history and on their current outstanding balance of
payments in different institutions
Reducing transaction costs as it facilitates the analysis and
quantification of credit risk
Avoiding the aggregation of bad debt by borrowers among a number
of financial institutions
Increasing the number of loans granted as potential borrowers who
were before excluded from the system because of the lack of information
on their concern become beneficiaries
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9. BENEFITS OF CREDIT BUREAUS IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR
AT THE SECTOR LEVEL:
BETTER REGULATION AND INCREASED COMPETITION
Facilitates financial sector’s supervision (Public Credit Registries in
particular)
Provides data for economic research and microfinance regulation
improvement
Facilitates the entry of new players in the market, such as banks willing
to downscale into microfinance
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10. BENEFITS OF SHARING NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE INFORMATION
REDUCTION OF DEFAULT RISK AT INCREASED ACCESS TO CREDIT AT
THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL THE CLIENT’S LEVEL
Percent decrease in default rate Percent of applicants who obtain a loan
3,35
74,8
12% decrease in 90% increase
default rate in access
1,9 39,8
Negative Negative & Negative Negative &
information positive information positive
only information only information
Simulated credit defaults assuming an acceptance Simulated credit availability assuming a target default
rate of 60% rate of 3%
10
Source: Barron and Staten (2000)
11. BENEFITS OF CREDIT BUREAUS IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR
CREDIT BUREAUS AND SUSTAINABLE POVERTY ALLEVIATION
IMPROVEMENT OF
INITIAL SETTING UP A MFIs
FUNDING CREDIT BUREAU FINANCIAL MFIs’
VIABILITY SUBSCRIPTION TO CB
CB SELF-
REDUCED POVERTY FINANCING
REPAYMENT
SUSTAINABILITY
OF THE CREDIT
BUREAU
INCREASE IN THE INCREASE IN THE
PROPORTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF
BENEFICIARIES WITH MICROLENDING
REPAYMENT CAPACITY BENEFICIARIES
Source: Développement de la première Centrale des
Risques sur Internet pour les Institutions de MF
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au Bénin, PlaNet Finance
12. AGENDA
THE CASE FOR CREDIT REPORTING IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR
INTEGRATED CREDIT BUREAUS: LONG TERM VISION AND PRESENT DAY REALITIES
CASE STUDIES: INDUSTRY-LED VS. GOVERNMENT-LED MICROCREDIT BUREAUS
PERSPECTIVES
12
13. THE VISION OF AN INTEGRATED CREDIT BUREAU
• Full information sharing between financial (banks, consumer credit
institutions, MFIs) and non financial institutions (retailers, telecom
operators, utilities, etc.)
– prevents clients over-indebtedness
– fosters profitability at the financial system level
• In the long run, global and specialized private operators should be better
positioned to ensure maintenance and evolution of the credit reporting
system and bring technological and marketing innovations: real time
updates, mobile access, applicant scoring, payment default alerts, etc.
• Depending on countries, the supervision of the credit bureau can be taken
care of either by the industry itself or by a public entity (Central
Bank, Supervision Commission, etc.)
13
14. THE CASE FOR INTEGRATED CREDIT BUREAUS
THE IMPORTANCE OF SHARING INFORMATION ACROSS
SECTORS
Types of
Information “Positive “Negative
Sources of & Negative” Only”
Information
“Full” Lower predictiveness
High
(information shared by predictiveness (e.g. Australia, Brazil)
banks, retailers, NBFIs,
(e.g.
mobile operators)
US, UK, Italy, South
Africa)
“Fragmented” Lower predictiveness Lowest
(e.g. information (e.g. Poland, Czech predictiveness
shared among banks Republic) (e.g. Morocco, South
only or retail only) Korea)
Source: Microfinance and Credit Bureaus, Peer Stein (IFC)
14
15. PRESENT DAY REALITIES OFTEN HAMPER INTEGRATED CREDIT
BUREAUS IMPLEMENTATION
• Many MFIs have very basic information systems (some are simply not
computerized), which cannot compare with those of banks
• Microcredit bureaus business models are usually based on a big number of
inquiries for small loans. Therefore, the amount charged /inquiry cannot be
the same as the one charged for banks
• Because of short term loan cycles, MFIs need more frequent data updates
and payment default after 30 days, rather than 6 months
• A large part of MFIs‟ staff being poorly educated, the ease of use of the Credit
Bureau‟s application is more important than the number of functionalities
• The key for inquiries is different between MFIs (informal businesses identified
by name and ID number) and banks (mostly formal businesses identified by
corporate number)
• In a multi-sector credit bureau initiative, achieving a wide-ranging buy-in by all
the players in a country is possible only if credit reporting has already reached
sufficient maturity
15
16. AGENDA
THE CASE FOR CREDIT REPORTING IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR
INTEGRATED CREDIT BUREAUS: LONG TERM VISION AND PRESENT DAY REALITIES
CASE STUDIES: INDUSTRY-LED VS. GOVERNMENT-LED MICROCREDIT BUREAUS
PERSPECTIVES
16
17. INDUSTRY-LED VS. GOVERNMENT-LED MICROCREDIT BUREAUS
The role of the National Regulator differs widely according to countries:
• In many countries, Microcredit Bureaus initiatives stem from the industry
and do not require investments in IT in the short run :
– In Mali‟s « Fleuve Niger » region, MFI executives hold an informal
meeting and exchange their lists of delinquent clients. No software
was developed
– In Haïti, MFIs have developed an Microcredit Bureau based on an
Access database restricted to negative information
• In Mozambique, there is both:
– a Credit Bureau based on SAP and supervised by the Central
Bank, to which leading MFIs contribute monthly as well as banks, and
– an informal exchange of delinquent clients lists (Excel) between MFIs‟
directors (more-up to-date)
• In Jordan, Tunisia and Egypt, legal difficulties impede the set up of
banking / microfinance credit bureaus
17
19. CASE STUDY: BENIN MICROCREDIT BUREAU IMPLEMENTATION
CONTEXT OF MICROFINANCE IN BENIN
400,000 microfinance beneficiaries out of a
total potential number of 4,000,000
beneficiaries
High level of competition with around 400
MFIs competing on the same segments of
the market risks: over-indebtedness of
clients and increased default on payments
19
20. A PIONEERING INITIATIVE
INTRODUCTION TO THE CREDIT BUREAU CREATION PROJECT
The idea of a credit bureau was
first launched by 5 local MFIs
including PADME, FINADEV and
Vital Finance which realized in
2001 that their portfolio was
deteriorating
The objective was to consolidate
portfolio quality by sharing
information on payments overdue
for more than 30 days via an
internet system
20
22. MAIN AREAS OF ACTION IN THE PROJECT
PROJECT ROADMAP MAIN CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED
Office set-up and equipment Technology challenge: not all
Design of the data base MFIs in Benin are equipped with
Establishment of procedures the adequate technology
Training of credit bureau‟s administrator (internet…) necessity to provide
Creation of the website relevant technology and diversify
Training of MFI personnel the information channels
Choice of legal statute and registration
of the statute Data collection challenge: it took
Maintenance of the website time to make sure that the MFIs
Awareness campaigns to convince had a common vision on the
other MFIs on the advantages of information they need and the way
becoming a member of the credit to collect it
bureau
22
23. HOW THE BENIN CREDIT BUREAU WORKS
MFIs MFIs
Monthly filling and actualization of 3 tools to access information
INFORMATION GRIDS listing the number of Internet
overdue payments of more than 30 days. CD-ROM
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
Files are sent Transmission of the
to the CB information required
CREDIT BUREAU
Confidential information gathered on each borrower
Centralization of the information Personal information on each borrower
Consistency check of the information collected Occupation
Information processing Number of credits obtained
Information storage in the CB database Nature of outstanding credit
23
27. EARLY TANGIBLE RESULTS
LOAN OFFICERS
Better knowledge of the
An average of 150 applicants enabling a better
inquiries per loan officer decision making
each month
MFIs
Better quality of lending portfolio
The number of applications rejected has significantly decreased
Participating MFIs have reported better discipline amongst the clients, as they
became aware that a bad credit history will deny them future access to credit
27
28. DECREASE IN REJECTED APPLICATIONS AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
CREDIT BUREAU
MFI Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Comments of MFIs
« Beneficiaries are more
PADME 2% 1% 0.5% 0.5%
disciplined »
FINADEV 6.8% 3% 1% 0% „‟
CFAD 5% 3% 1% 0% „‟
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29. CONSEQUENCES OF THE SUCCESS OF THE PROJECT
The World Bank has granted the budget required to extend the project to 17
MFIs in 2002
Following the success of this experiment, it was decided to further develop the
credit bureau in a 3-year program, with the objective of bringing it to financial
viability and increasing the number of members to 40
Today, the ownership and responsibility of the project has been transferred to
Consortium Alafia, the Benin Microfinance Association
The Credit Bureau is now operating in 6 provinces, through local agencies
In July 2006, there were 20,000 clients in the database
Discussions have been held with the BCEAO in order to transfer the Credit
Bureau in the context of a regional Credit Bureau project
29
30. KEY LEARNINGS
Microfinance credit bureaus are effective tools to prevent delinquency, even
when the budget allows only for the sharing of negative information
Very basic technologies can be sufficient in the short-to-mid-term
Progressive buy-in of MFIs can be ensured by
offering a highly professional service
using technologies adapted to MFIs capacity
proposing an adequate fee structure
In case of management of the credit bureau by the professional association and
moderate maintenance costs, the fee can be included into the membership fee to
the association
Ownership and leadership issues must be tackled at the start of the project
30
31. CASE STUDY: THE MOROCCAN CREDIT BUREAU IMPLEMENTATION
CONTEXT OF MICROFINANCE IN MOROCCO
12 MFIs in Morocco, with a
microfinance market characterized by
a high rate of repayment: 99%
average
This rate is deteriorating due to
increased competition between MFIs
covering the same areas and an
increase in the number of cross-debts
31
32. INTRODUCTION TO THE CREDIT BUREAU CREATION PROJECT
The Moroccan Credit Bureau, which began its operations in 2005, is
mostly aimed at preventing crossed loans to clients whose loans are
not delinquent yet. Hence the need for
negative and positive information
enabling access to the database for all the Moroccan MFIs (from
the largest to the smallest)
The project was supervised by a work group comprising the MFIs, their
federation (FNAM) and PlaNet Finance Maroc. The Grameen
Foundation USA and USAID also took part to the project design
An estimated 1,000,000 yearly inquiries are needed to make the
project viable
32
33. CREDIT BUREAU DEVELOPMENT: INITIAL STEPS
Development phase
Analysis of each of Morocco‟s MFIs capacity to provide the Credit Bureau
with the required data, and identification of the actions needed to develop this
capacity (beg. 2004)
Identification of information that can be exchanged
Establishment of the conditions of contract
Evaluation of the financial viability of the CB / business plan
Call for tender for the choice of an information system provider of services
Choice of the IS service provider in cooperation with the MFIs
Parameter settings (beg. 2005)
33
34. CRITERIA USED IN THE CHOICE OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM SERVICE
PROVIDER
Choice of a provider with existing experience in the management of data
Choice of a provider not using sub-contractors, which guarantees the
continuity of the assistance
Choice of a partner proposing an IS capable of evolution, in order to
process one million loans in the near future
Choice of simple tools that can be used by all MFIs even with basic IT
equipment
34
35. HOW THE MOROCCAN CREDIT BUREAU WORKS: ARCHITECTURE
Clients
Credit Bureau Server Database
Software: Software: MySQL 4.1
- Application server - Application server
TOMCAT 4.1 TOMCAT 4.1
- Application CB-CLIENT - Application CB-ADMIN
- FTP SERVER - FTP SERVER
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36. HOW THE MOROCCAN CREDIT BUREAU WORKS: UPDATES
Initially: up-loading of all relevant information by all MFIs participating in the
project
Regularly:
• Entry of all new borrowers and loans
• Changes in current borrowers and loans details
• Loan cancellation
How :
• From the MFI Head Office or authorized branch locations
• Interactive : direct uploading of information from MFIs‟ databases by
the Credit Bureau
• Batch : Preparation and sending of data by the MFIs for treatment by
the Credit Bureau
• Follow-up of operations by delivery of notification with identification
number
36
37. HOW THE MOROCCAN CREDIT BUREAU WORKS: INQUIRIES
The credit Bureau can be searched at all times from the Head Office or
authorized MFIs branches
• The National Identification Number is the default search key
• Inquiries can be carried out:
• On the web
• By batch : after information is sent to the Credit Bureau by the
MFIs, detailed reports are sent back
• By SMS
• Contents of Results Page :
Identification of the borrower‟s information
Identification of loan information
• Various tools for visualization of results
37
38. HOW THE MOROCCAN CREDIT BUREAU WORKS: ADMINISTRATION
• Security
Login and encrypted password
Verification of contents
Encrypting of exchanged information
Server protected from external intrusion
• Level of Interaction:
The role of each user is clearly specified:
manager, administrator, updater, enquirer
• Archives of exchanged information
• Reporting on Credit Bureau usage frequency
38
39. Operational phase
Once the project is fully operational, PF Morocco will help institutionalize the
Credit Bureau and will share the code with the selected CB manager
Central Bank
Options of
National Federation of Consortium of member MFIs
management for the
Microcredit Associations (“Economic Interest Group”)
CB
Specialized private entity or
third party (Experian, etc.)
39
40. KEY LEARNINGS
The institutional framework must be set up precisely even before setting up the
technical framework
The technical side of it is quite simple
The buy-in from MFIs top management is essential
The ease of use of the Credit Bureau‟s application is important, as a large part
of the MFIs‟ staff is not highly educated
40
41. AGENDA
THE CASE FOR CREDIT REPORTING IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR
INTEGRATED CREDIT BUREAUS: LONG TERM VISION AND PRESENT DAY REALITIES
CASE STUDIES: INDUSTRY-LED VS. GOVERNMENT-LED MICROCREDIT BUREAUS
PERSPECTIVES
41
42. CREDIT SCORING, A POTENTIAL FOR MICROFINANCE
DEFINITION A quantitative method used to predict repayment risk
based on the performance of past loans with
characteristics similar to current loans. By use of a
scorecard, points are assigned to the attributes of an
applicant, and the sum of the points is the “score”, with
more points meaning more risk.
OBJECTIVES Evaluate the risk from all potential customers when
applying for credit, through the forecast of delinquent
accounts or default of payment
42
43. BENEFITS OF CREDIT SCORING (1/2)
AT THE CLIENT’S LEVEL: A FAIR EVALUATION SYSTEM
Clients are evaluated on non-subjective data through a well
defined methodology
Better pricing of loans
Increased efficiency in evaluating loans can result in faster
loan processing
Default prone clients who wish to obtain a good report will
have an incentive to pay their bad debts
Lower risk of over-indebtedness by beneficiaries
43
44. BENEFITS OF CREDIT SCORING (2/2)
AT THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
More reliable decision making through better knowledge of the
clients‟ past behavior
Better pricing of loans and provision against loan losses
through the analysis of individual client risks
Clear segmentation of population by score and delinquencies
that helps design better strategies for delinquency prevention
and for marketing
Increase in the transferability of borrowers from one institution
to another
44
45. CASE STUDY OF CREDIT SCORING: MEXICO
THE CONTEXT
Mexican MFI with more than
100,000 clients.
40 branches
Assets over 100 millions USD
PRECONDITIONS FOR THE SUCCESS
OF THE PROJECT
Consolidated MIS
Commitment of Top Management
45
46. CASE STUDY OF CREDIT SCORING: MEXICO
SITUATION BEFORE SCORING
A fragmented credit process
Lack of standardization in decision making
Authorization delays (up to 10 days)
Impossible to measure ex - ante risk
46
47. CASE STUDY OF CREDIT SCORING: MEXICO
The scorecard can identify ex-ante risk from groups where the ratio of good to
bad clients is almost 35/1 to those high risk groups where the ratio is 2/1
Scoring efficiency
40
35
Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk
# Good / # Bad clients
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
47
48. CASE STUDY OF CREDIT SCORING: MEXICO
A scorecard was implemented in the MIS of the MFI
The MFI also have an Excel tool for testing the model
48
49. CASE STUDY OF CREDIT SCORING: MEXICO
RESULTS OF THE CREDIT SCORING PROJECT
Credit in 24 hours
80% of the applications with immediate results
Reduction of 35% of credit cost
Reduction of bad debt rate as analysts only focus on relevant applications
(medium or high risk, leaving the rest to the score)
Standardization of risk
49
50. CONCLUSION: KEY SUCCESS FACTORS
KEY SUCCESS FACTORS FOR MICRO CREDIT BUREAUS
Ensure that MFIs are ready for a credit bureau based on their
IT systems and credit underwriting processes
Work with experienced credit bureau operators and
consultants
Ensure that MFIs are given sufficient support and training to
include credit reports and value-added services into their credit
underwriting processes
Collect both positive and negative information about borrowers in
order to reduce information asymmetry
Adjust credit bureau inquiry prices to the MFIs financial
capacities
50
51. CONCLUSION: KEY SUCCESS FACTORS
KEY SUCCESS FACTORS FOR MICRO CREDIT BUREAUS
Ensure that the information is actively shared between all
involved institutions
To foster the Credit Bureau‟s success, a law requiring its use by
all relevant players can be put in place
To ensure coherency in policy and administration, a Credit Bureau
should have one single overseeing body
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52. CONCLUSION: PLANET FINANCE CONTRIBUTIONS
Like in Benin or Morocco, the objective of PlaNet Finance is to be technical and
institutional advisor to the Credit Bureaus project teams.
Our philosophy is to build sustainable credit bureaus managed by local operators
using open-source technologies. Our credit bureau software has been designed
in order to be easily adapted. The technologies used are widely known.
PlaNet Finance carefully selects the local technical operator for the project
development and administration through a formal invitation to tender followed by a
transparent process of bid selection.
PlaNet Finance also ensures that MFIs are given sufficient support and training.
Implementing a credit bureau is a long process (over one year usually) but not
necessarily a very costly one. Most often, the major issues are not the technology
but the institutionnal framework. Once this solved, PlaNet Finance can lobby to
help gather the needed financial support from potential partners and donors.
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53. Thanks for your attention.
To know more, feel free to contact PlaNet Finance:
mdutheil@planetfinance.org
www.planetfinance.org
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