APA Referencing instructions with a section on paraphasing

1. APA
Referencing

2. What is APA referencing?
• Stands for American Psychological Association
• Style of referencing used at WelTec
• Referencing means showing the sources of the
information you have used in your assignment

3. Why use referencing?
• Essential for:
– demonstrating your research
– preventing plagiarism
– showing your tutor the difference between your
ideas and the ideas of other people

4. How to reference?
Two parts:
1. Citation within the text (in-text citation)
– Used for quotes and paraphrases
2. References list
– Specially formatted list at the end of your
assignment of all the sources that were cited

5. Part 1: Citations
A citation
A short acknowledgement of the source of an
idea in the body of the text.
(Smith, 2014, p.7)

6. Examples of citations
Direct Quote
“Polytechnics have expanded in New Zealand
over the last ten years” (Smith, 2014, p. 6).
Paraphrase
Polytechnics have been increasing in size since
2004 (Smith, 2014).
OR
Smith (2014) claims that polytechnics have
grown in size since 2004.

7. Part 2: References List
An alphabetical list providing full details for
each cited source in any piece of writing.

8. Example of a Full APA Reference
Reference list
An alphabetical list providing full details for
each cited source in any piece of writing.

9. Example of a reference list
References
Bell, R. and G. Zajdow (1997) Family and household. In R.
Jureidini, S. Kenny and M. Poole (eds). Sociology:
Australian Connections. St Leonards. NSW: Allen and
Unwin.
Haralambos, M. (1995). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives,
3rd edition. London: Bell and Hyman.
Johnson, V. (1981). The Last Resort: A Women's Refuge.
Ringwood: Penguin.

10. Formatting a reference list
• Goes at the end of your document
• Call it References
• Arrange alphabetically with the first line hard
against the margin
• Indent second line 5 spaces or press tab once
• Only include sources you have cited in your
assignment
• See the APA Quick Guide for more info

11. Quoting
And
Paraphrasing

12. Paraphrasing
• Someone else's ideas in your own words
• An acceptable way to borrow from a source
(MUST be cited correctly)
• Shows your understanding of the ideas
expressed in the reading

13. How to paraphrase
1. Select the idea you want to paraphrase
2. Make sure you understand it
3. Recognize which words you cannot change
4. Find words you can change
5. Adjust the structure
6. Acknowledge the source

14. Paraphrasing example
“The managers in the study preferred verbal
communication in phone or meetings, rather than
written communication such as memos and formal
reports” (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Sharma & Scott-
Ladd, 2011, p.22)
The study found that managers preferred to
arrange face to face or phone meetings rather than
communicate in writing (Bartol, Tein, Matthews,
Sharma & Scott-Ladd, 2011).

15. Your turn!
“In general, initiatives for Māori youth have
been designed to incorporate and balance the
goals of Māori development and youth
development but have mainly targeted
dislocated Māori youth and included only
“basic” cultural practices”.
Source: Ware, F., & Walsh-Tapiata, W. (2010).
Youth development: Maori styles. Youth Studies
Australia, 29(4), 18-29.

16. Secondary sources
Source: Ware, F., & Walsh-
Tapiata, W. (2010). Youth
development: Maori styles. Youth
Studies Australia, 29(4), p.19.
1. Try to find the original source
2. If you can’t write a secondary citation
Drewery and Bird (as cited in Ware & Walsh-Tapiata, 2010)
present the argument that ‘youth’ and ‘youthhood’ have
particular characteristics and are grouped in society in ways
that help us to define them.

17. APA 6th
edition in MS
Word

18. APA 6th edition in MS Word
Microsoft word provides a referencing tool so
references can be inserted automatically. We
recommend using it as it makes managing and
keeping track of your references easy whilst
writing your assignment.

19. Adding a new citation to a document
Place your cursor at the end of the sentence or
phrase that you want to cite. On the References
tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group,
Insert Citation.

20. Add a new Source

21. Find a source
The list of sources that you consult or cite can
become quite long. You might search for a
source that you cited in another document by
using the Manage Sources command.

22. Creating a reference list
Create a new page at the end of your document

23. Additional Resources
WelTec Library
• http://weltec.spydus.co.nz/cgi-
bin/spydus.exe/MSGTRN/OPAC/HOME
Online referencing tools
• http://www.bibme.org/
• http://studentservices.op.ac.nz/support/learning-
support/citingandreferencing/
• http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/apa-interactive.php

24. Find the Citation Error:
A Quick Quiz on APA Style

25. Catch the Error
• Hollingshead measured aggressiveness in
children before and after exposure to violent
videogames (2002, p. 15).

26. Revised
• Hollingshead (2002) measured aggressiveness
in children before and after exposure to
violent videogames.
• Explanation: The year comes after the
researcher’s name. No page number is needed
if there is no direct quote.

27. Catch the Error
• Neither group showed any significant growth
(Wong and Tuttle 2005).

28. Revised
• Neither group showed any significant growth
(Wong & Tuttle, 2005).
• Explanation: Use an ampersand (&) when
citing parenthetically and put a comma
between author(s) and year of publication.

29. Catch the Error
• Duffy & Petronius (2002, p. 23) found that
none of the subjects showed improvement.

30. Revised
• Duffy and Petronius (2002) found that none of
the subjects showed improvement.
• Explanation: Use “and” -- not ampersand --
when citing authors outside of parentheses.
No page number needed since there was no
direct quote.

31. Catch the Error
• Parker (2003) found that there was “no
significant difference between the treatment
group and the control group.”

32. Revision
• Parker (2003) found that there was “no
significant difference between the treatment
group and the control group” (p. 12).
• Explanation: Since a direct quote was used, a
page number must be provided after the
quote.

33. Catch the Error
• Bretschneider, John Garrett and McCoy, Nancy
Lewis, 1968. Sexual Interest and Behavior in
Healthy 80- 102-Year-Olds. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, Vol. 14, pp. 343-350.

34. Revised
• Bretschneider, J. G., & McCoy, N. L. (1968).
Sexual interest and behavior in healthy
80- 102-year-olds. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 14, 343-350.
• Explanation: 1) only initials for first names; 2)
year in parentheses followed by period; 3)
lower case in article title; 4) italicize journal
name and capitalize first letters; 5) no “Vol.,”
just italicize; 6) no “pp.”; 7) hanging indent.

35. Reminders
• You don’t have to memorize all the rules.
There are hundreds of APA style rules and lots
of exceptions to the rules. Use reference
sheets.
• Talk to a Learning Advisor or your tutor if you
have any questions.