BLAPTICA DUBIA as an additive for broiler chicken feeds

Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
College of Education
Laboratory High School
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis of David Marco Bildan, Marly Vea Clarisse Elli, Gian Carlo Muldong,
Liana Faith De Leon, Ray John Dorig, and Mies Eliel Dela Cruz entitled “BLAPTICA
DUBIA (DUBIA COCKROACH) AS AN ADDITIVE FOR BROILER CHICKEN FEEDS”,
which prepared and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Math-Science
Curriculum, is hereby accepted.

ESTRELLA B. PAGCO, M.A. Ed. – Math
Instructor, Science Research II

PANEL OF EXAMINEES

RAMACHANDRA C. TORRES
Member

SHARON A. GALBADORES MILAGROS BONDOC
Member Member

Accepted and approved in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for Science Research II.

NORBINA GENEVER M. CASTRO, M.A. Ed. – EDMA.
Director, Laboratory High School

Date: ________________

2
BLAPTICA DUBIA (Dubia Cockroach) AS AN ADDITIVE FOR BROILER
CHICKEN FEEDS

_______________

A Research Study
Presented to
The Faculty of Tarlac State University
Tarlac City

_______________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for
Science Research II

_______________

Presented by:

BILDAN, DAVID MARCO A.
ELLI, MARLY VEA CLARISSE L.
MULDONG, GIAN CARLO B.
DE LEON, LIANA FAITH Q.
DORIG, RAY JOHN A.
DELA CRUZ, MIES ELIEL C.

MARCH 2012

3
ABSTRACT

Title: Blaptica Dubia(Dubia Cockroach) as an Additive for Broiler Chicken
Feeds

Researchers: David Marco A. Bildan
Marly Vea Clarisse L. Elli
Gian Carlo B. Muldong
Liana Faith Q. De Leon
Ray John A. Dorig
Mies Eliel C. Dela Cruz

Institution: Tarlac State University Laboratory High School
The Dubia cockroach (Blapticadubia) is one of the best falsifiers of the common

misconceptions about cockroaches. This study provided information to people, especially

poultry raiser, on its composition, benefits, and other information.

The study aims to answer the following questions:

1. How are the control and experimental feeds be described in terms of their:

a. Odor;

b. Color;

c. Texture;


a. Moisture Content;

b. Ash Content;

c. Crude Protein;

d. Crude Fat;

e. Crude Fiber; and

f. Calcium?

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3. How are the control and experimental groups described in terms of their:

a. Cost of Production?

4. Is there a significant difference between the control and experimental

groups in terms of:

a. Odor;

b. Color; and

c. Texture?

This study is an experimental research and descriptive research. It determines the

effectiveness of Dubia cockroach (Blapticadubia) asan additive for broiler chicken feeds.

This research is intended to offer Filipinos, especially poultry raisers, to use Dubia

cockroaches as the main source of protein in feeds and to utilize the Dubia cockroaches.

The experiments conducted by the researchers’ yielded results including the

following:

1.1 The means of the odor evaluation are as follows; the control group has a mean

of 4.6 and the experimental group has a mean of 4.8. Having the higher mean of the

experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of odor.

1.2 The means of the color evaluation are as follows; the control group has a

mean of 4.5 and the experimental group has a mean of 4.7. Having the higher mean of the

experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of color.

1.3 The means of texture evaluations are as follows; the control group has a mean

of 4.2 and the experimental group has a mean of 4.5. Having the higher mean of the

experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of texture.

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1.4 The results of laboratory testing done to evaluate the levels of moisture

content of the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the

control group has moisture content level of 12% and the experimental group has moisture

content level of 10.70%. Having the standard level of moisture content in Broiler

Chicken Feeds as 11%, the control group has a 9.09% of difference with the standard

level and the experimental group has a 2.27% of difference with the standard level of

moisture content. Feeds with high moisture content are liable to spoil quickly, mostly

from fungal contamination. Thus, the experimental group is more preferred than the

control group because of the lower percentage of the moisture content.

1.5 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the ash content level of the

commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the control group has

an ash content level of 6% and the experimental group has an ash content level of 0.8%.

Having the standard level of ash content for Broiler Chicken Feeds as 3%, the control

group has a 100% of difference with the standard level and the experimental group has a

73.33% of difference with the standard level of moisture content. The amount of acid

insoluble ash is a good guide to the amount of sand or other dirt which may be present

and the total of all the minerals found in the feeds. The feed is usually adulterated with

sand during drying process. The experimental group is more preferred than the control

group because of the acid insoluble ash present and the lower difference in percentage

from the standard level.

1.6 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the level of crude protein

present in the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the

control group has 18% of crude protein present and the experimental group has 13.81%

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of crude protein. Having the standard level of crude protein for Broiler Chicken Feeds as

13%, the control group has 38.43% difference from the standard level of crude protein

and the experimental group has a 6.23% difference from the standard. Crude protein is

needed especially for Broiler developers in maintaining their diet. Thus, the experimental

group is more preferred than the control group because of the difference in percentage

from the standard level, and the quantity of crude protein needed by the broilers.

1.7 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of crude fat

present in the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; 3% of

crude fat was present in the control group and 8.77% of crude fat was present in the

experimental group. Having the standard level of crude fat for Broiler Chicken Feeds as

6.5%, the control group was 53.85% different from the standard level of crude fat for

Broiler Chicken feeds and the experimental group was 34.29% different from the

standard level. The high Crude Fat is indicative of adulteration with urea and or some

inferior quality oil seed meals. The free fatty acid content of oily materials will affect

palatability due to rancidity of oils. Thus, the control group is more preferred than the

experimental group because of the high crude fat in the experimental group which may

affect the palatability of the chicken feeds.

1.8 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of crude fiber


control group has 6% of crude fiber and the experimental group has 1.12% of crude fiber.

Having the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken Feeds as 6.5%, the control

group had 7.69% difference from the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken

feeds and the experimental group had 82.77% of difference from the standard level.

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Crude fiber is a term used to describe the fibrous food residue that is left over after it has

been dissolved in the laboratory with certain harsh chemical solvents such as sulfuric acid

and sodium hydroxide. Crude fiber has no nutritional value. Thus, the experimental group

is more preferred than the control group because of the lower crude fiber for the

nutritional content of the chicken feeds.

1.9 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of calcium of the

commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the control group has

1.1% of calcium and the experimental group has 0.004% of calcium. Having the standard

level of calcium for broiler chicken feeds as 0.8, the control group had 7.5% difference

from the standard level of calcium and the experimental group had a 39.95% difference

from the standard level of calcium for broiler chicken feeds. Calcium feeding may

improve eggshell quality (Farmer et al., 1983; Van Wambeke and DeGroote, 1986) and

the bones of the chickens. Thus, the control group is more preferred than the

experimental group because of the calcium content that a broiler chicken needed.

2.0 In terms of cost, the Dubia cockroach-mixed feeds costs P39.12/kg which is

cheaper by 2.2% compared to the commercial feeds which costs P40.00/kg.

2.1 In terms of odor, since the T-value -0.9487 is higher than the critical value -

2.101, the researchers accepted Ho. Hence, there is no significant difference between the

two groups, controlled and experimental.

2.2 In terms of color, since the T-value 0.7386 is lower than the critical value



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2.3 In terms of texture, since the T-value is 1 is lower than the critical value 2.101,

the researchers accepted Ho. Hence, there is no significant difference between the two

groups, controlled and experimental.

Based from the gathered data, the researchers concluded the following:

1. The control group was found to be of very acceptable color, odor and moderately

acceptable texture. The experimental feeds was found to be of very acceptable

color, odor, and texture.

2. There is no significant difference between the color, odor, and texture between the

commercial and experimental feeds.

3. The implication of the study to science research is that the growing cost for

broiler chicken feeds often turns down poultry raisers. Research into the

alternatives of commercial broiler chicken feeds is expected to lower the cost of

production and maintenance by local poultry raisers. Blapticadubia Cockroaches

can be found from households to chicken pens and add to tempest burdened by

poultry raisers. Dubia cockroaches are also an effective source of protein

commonly overlooked as pests by many. It is possible that the efficacy provided

by commercial broiler chicken feeds can be sought by the provision of

Blapticadubia as an additive for homemade broiler chicken feeds at a significantly

lower cost. Preliminary results of this investigation indicates that Blaptica Dubia

as an additive for homemade broiler chicken feeds has a high potential of being a

cheaper alternative to commercial broiler chicken feeds especially if the home-

made ingredients were nutritious left-over or being harvested in owned farm.

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Based on findings and recommendations, the researchers strongly recommend the

following:

1. This study is only a preliminary investigation. Hence, further studies and

utilization of Blapticadubia and homemade feeds should be pursued to determine

its most effective potential needed to locate the active principle from the various

nutrients and their agricultural studies.

2. Increasing the ratio of Blapticadubia over homemade feeds can possibly improve

the nutritional value of the homegrown feeds and the cost of production.

3. Other tests can also be conducted to the experimental group to add more value to

its significant property.

4. Also, other researchers can study other kinds of cockroaches, Americana

Periplaneta, in terms of their properties and used to man.

5. Other researchers may include soybean or fish meals for additional nutrient

content.

6. Also, increasing the skimmed milk or adding bone meal for calcium content.

7. Adding ingredients with vitamins or minerals can possibly improve the ash

content of the feeds.

8. Other researchers may not grind or pound the ingredients because these processes

can cause the loss of protein and nutrients needed.

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© 2012

David Marco A. Bildan
MarlyVea Clarisse L. Elli
Gian Carlo B. Muldong
Liana Faith Q. De Leon
Ray John A. Dorig
MiesEliel C. Dela Cruz

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the researchers would like to thank the Lord God Almighty who,

they know, has been with them since they first decided this research study, for giving

them the wisdom, knowledge, and strength to accomplish a very significant requirement

for their subject, Science Research II.

To their parents, for their unending support, be it morally or financially and for

their great understanding on our schedule.

To their teachers from Tarlac State University – Laboratory High School, for

giving some advices and understanding their schedules, thank you for granting them

some of their spare time.

To their classmates (MS – IV) who helped them in every little way they can,

even though they also had same obligations to do, the researchers appreciate it a lot.

To Sir Ramachandra C. Torres, Ma’am Sharon A. Galbadores, and Ma’am

Milagros Bondoc, their panellists, for helping them improve their research study through

their critical analysis.

To Ma’am Diane Quinto, their English critic, for helping them improve their

research study through correcting grammatical errors.

To Prof. EstrellaB.Pagco, their Science Research II adviser, for helping their

group intellectually, for bestowing them every thought that she had just to help them,

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thank you for all the support and concern that served as their foundation and inspiration

to finish their research study.

DMAB, MVCLE, GCBM, LFQDL, RJAD, MECDC

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DEDICATION

The efforts and sacrifices are dedicated

to the Almighty God,

our beloved parents and teachers,

friends and

Math Science – IV.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………………... i
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………….….. ii
THESIS ABSTRACT ………...…..…………………………………………….. iii
COPYRIGHT PAGES ………...……..…………………………………………... x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………..……………….……………………………. xi
DEDICATION …………....……..…………………………………………....... xiii
LIST OF TABLES ….…….………………...……………………………...….... xv
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………...………………………….... xvi

Chapter
1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND ………………………. 1

Introduction …………………………………………………………… 1
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………... 3
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………... 4
Hypothesis …………………………………………………..….……… 5
Scope and Delimitation ……..……………………………………..….. 5
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………… 6

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ………….. 10

Related Literature ……………………………………………………... 10
Foreign ………………….……..………………………………….. 10
Local …………………………………….……………..………… 12
Related Studies ………………………………………………………... 13
Foreign ………………………….………………………...………. 13
Local ……………………….……………………………………… 14
Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………….. 15
Research Paradigm …………………………………………………… 17

3. METHODOLOGY ………..…………………………………………… 18

Research Design ….………….………………………………………… 18
Sampling Design …….……………………………………………….... 19
Sensory Evaluation …….…………...…………………………………... 19
Instruments ……………………………...……………………………... 20
Preparation of Feeds …………………………………………………...... 20

15
Animal Feeds Testing ………………......……………………………….. 22
Statistical Treatment ....……………………………………………….... 24
4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
………………………………………………………………… 26

Odor Evaluation of Feeds …….……….…...…………………..……………26
Color Evaluation of Feeds …….……....…...…………………..……………27
Texture Evaluation of Feeds …….….…...…………………..………………27
Moisture Content of Feeds ……...…...….....………………..………………28
Ash Content of Feeds ……………....………..……………...………………29
Crude Protein Levels of Feeds ……….…...……….……..…………………30
Crude Fat Levels of Feeds ……….…...…………………..……...…………31
Crude Fiber Levels of Feeds ……….…...………………..…………………32
Calcium Levels of Feeds ………….....…………………..…………………33
Cost Analysis of Feeds ………….…...…………………..…………………34
Test of Difference of Odor, Color and Texture of Feeds ...…...……………35
Cost of Feeds ………….……………......………………..…………………35

5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................... 36

Summary of Findings ………………………………………………… 36
Conclusion ………………………………………………………….….. 40
Recommendation …………………………………………….……….. 40

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………… 42
APPENDICES ……………………………..………………………………… 45
DOCUMENTATION ………………………………………………………… 53
CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………..……………………………… 60

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Odor Evaluation of Feeds ………….…...…………………..………………… 26
2. Color Evaluation of Feeds ………....…...…………………..………………… 27
3. Texture Evaluation of Feeds ……….…...…………………..………………… 27
4. Moisture Content of Feeds ………….….....………………..………………… 28
5. Ash Content of Feeds ………….…...………..……………...………………… 29
6. Crude Protein Levels of Feeds ………….…...……….……..………………… 30
7. Crude Fat Levels of Feeds ………….…...…………………..……...………… 31
8. Crude Fiber Levels of Feeds ………….…...………………..………………… 32
9. Calcium Levels of Feeds ………….…....…………………..………………… 33
10. Cost Analysis of Feeds ………….……...…………………..………………… 34
11. Test of Difference of Odor, Color and Texture of Feeds ………...…………… 35
12. Cost of Feeds ………….……………......…………………..………………… 35

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Research Paradigm…………………………………………………….. 17

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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

There is nothing in the world more hated, and perhaps feared, than that bane of

mankind which is the cockroach infestation. Cockroaches have been one of the most

common house pests for centuries now. At night, cockroaches search for food in kitchens,

food storage places, rubbish bins, drains and sewers.

Long the annoyance and fourth class unwanted resident of major urban cities, the

cockroach resists even when resistance is futile. Habits and high reproductive rate of pest

cockroaches can lead to large populations spreading disease organisms, contaminating

food, causing allergies, and even worsening asthma.

Cockroaches are also a nuisance to Tarlaqueños in situations such as: children

bitten in eyelids, food contamination, and unbinding of books.

These are the common stereotypes that put a negative impression upon hearing

the word cockroaches but not all redeem these nuisances. Not all cockroaches feed on

waste materials and harmful substances which cause undesired effects to human health;

same as through with the misconception of cockroaches thriving on filthy environments.

Also, not all cockroaches emit a foul odor.

Dubia Cockroaches (Blaptica dubia) serves as a living falsifier to these

stereotypes. Dubia Cockroaches feed on sweet foods, carrots, apples, oranges, lettuce, dry

cat/dog food, cereals, and fish food. Beyond the similarities of the common cockroach’s

(Periplaneta americana) appearance to the Dubia cockroach, they differ greatly in terms

19
of odor and habits. Dubia roaches are used as feeder insects and have become popular for

feeding reptiles and amphibians because they have high quality herp food source that is

easier to raise than crickets. Dubia are meaty roaches with a soft body which contain a

much higher ratio of protein compared to crickets. They breed in drier conditions than

many other roaches and produce little odor. They are calm and easy to handle for feeding.

They do not make any noise which is another reason they are becoming much more

popular than crickets. They don’t bite and they can’t fly. If the handler drops a roach, the

roach is easy to catch. Compared to other roaches, they are exceptionally poor climbers

and cannot climb glass or plastic. The adults can live up to 1-2 years and can be bred

easily. The females give live birth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaptica_dubia).

Insects are rich in protein and this gives the cockroach a potential to complement

Broiler Chicken feeds. Complete feeds are the most expensive type. Using a protein

concentrate mixed with home-grown grain will reduce the costs. Mixing some

cockroaches in the chicken feeds, in detail, the Dubia cockroach (Blaptica dubia) can

reduce a native poultry owner’s expenses.

A poultry raiser in Tarlac City is raising some chickens in a backyard, one of the

things that a poultry raiser would have to continually do to ensure that the chickens are in

good condition would be to clean the chicken coop. Having a messy and unsanitary coop

could lead to a load of trouble for both the owner and the chickens.

If the poultry raiser would not clean the coop, the chickens are risked to be

infected by disease carrying bacteria and would get sick and even die. Worse, the bacteria

of an unclean chicken coop could also be the cause of some human diseases. Thus, the

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stench of an un-sanitized coop could also make local city inspectors ban the raiser from

raising chickens.

If the raiser would feed cockroaches to chickens, the raiser should take measures

in order to prevent the unwanted materials from cockroaches that can be a possible

danger to the chickens’ health.

As to the high prices of commercial feeds, this study aims to prove the capability

of the Dubia Cockroach as an additive for Broiler Chicken feeds and offer a cheaper

alternative.

Statement of the Problem

The Dubia cockroach (Blapticadubia) is one of the best falsifiers of the common

misconceptions about cockroaches. This study provided information to people, especially

poultry raiser, on its composition, benefits, and other information.

The study aimed to answer the following questions:


a. Odor;

b. Color;

c. Texture;


a. Moisture Content;

b. Ash Content;

c. Crude Protein;

d. Crude Fat;

21
e. Crude Fiber; and

f. Calcium?

7. How are the control and experimental groups described in terms of their:

a. Cost of Production?

8. Is there a significant difference between the control and experimental

groups in terms of:

a. Odor;

b. Color; and

c. Texture?

Significance of the Study

Tarlaqueños are fond of chickens and they own hectares of land which may be

used as farms, specifically, a poultry farm, but the high cost of maintenance on raising

broiler chickens often turns down poultry raisers. As to the high prices of commercial

feeds, this study aims to prove the capability of the Dubia Cockroach as an additive for

Broiler Chicken feeds and offer a cheaper alternative. Being aware of the current

situation, it will be easier to provide a positive resolution for the said cockroach.

To the poultry raisers, this study intends to produce broiler chicken feeds

compromisingof the mentioned cockroach.

To the community, this study could help in eliminating the misconception of

Dubia roaches as pest which resides in residential households. This study subsists to

discern the positive resolutions of the said pest to the human population.

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Furthermore, it may point-out possible nutrients that can be extracted from the

Dubia Cockroach, providing future references that can be utilized to perform

experimental activities for the scientists and animal biologists.

Null Hypotheses

There is no significant difference between the experimental feeds and the control

feeds in terms of its odor, color, texture, moisture content, ash content, effectiveness, and

cost of production.

Assumption

There is a significant difference between the experimental feeds and the control

feeds in terms of its odor, color, texture, moisture content, ash content, effectiveness, and

cost of production.

Scope and Delimitation

The study dealt with the comparison of Blapticadubia (Dubia Cockroach) as

an additive for broiler chicken feeds over the commercially available broiler chicken

feeds.

The study focused that the cockroaches will only be mixed in the homemade

feeds as an additive.

Control and experimental chicken feeds were differentiated by ten (10)

respondents from Magaspac, Gerona, Tarlacaccording to its physical description: Odor,

Color, and Texture. Results from the observation and questionnaire were used to answer

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the problems stated on the statement of the problem and as a basis to draw conclusions

and recommendations.

The study also focusedon the possibility of a broiler chicken benefiting from

Dubia Cockroaches through analyzing the nutritional content of the said roach provided

by the laboratory examination conducted by the Department of Science and Technology –

Region III (DOST-III).

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined to help for a better understanding of this study.

Additive. Characterized by, being, or producingeffects (as drug responses or gene

products) that when the causative factors act together are the sum of their individual

effects (www.merriam-webster.com) In this study, additive refers to the Blapticadubia

supplemented to the original mixture of feeds.

AOAC. The “Association of Official Analytical Chemists” or is now being called

as "Association of Analytical Communities,” AOAC INTERNATIONAL is committed to

being a proactive, worldwide provider and facilitator in the development, use, and

harmonization of validated analytical methods and laboratory quality assurance programs

and services.

Ash Content. It is a measure of the total amount of minerals present in the food

(people.umass.edu) In this study, ash content is determines the amount of acid insoluble

ash which affects the nutritional value of the feeds.

Blaptica dubia. Also known as Orange-spotted Cockroach. It is ameaty roach

with a soft body which contains a much higher ratio of protein compared to

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crickets. (www.wikipedia.com).It is the main additive for broiler chicken feeds as used in

this study.

Broilers. Chickens raised specifically for meat production. (www.wikipedia.com).

In this study, broilers were used as the subject of consumer in regards to the yielded

chicken feeds.

Calcium. It determines the strength of the shells of the produced eggs by chickens.

(www.dummies.com) In this study, calcium refers to the component of the control and

experimental feeds which improves the shell and bone strength of the chickens. The

closer level of calcium possessed by the control and experimental feeds to the standard

level will end to a more favorable result.

Chicken Feeds. These feeds supply the nutrients required by chickens to allow

optimal growth and development (www.dummies.com) Referred to as the manufactured

pellet type feeds which will be the control group, and another home-made mixed with

cockroaches as an experimental group in this study. The type of chicken feeds used is for

broilers.

Color. The term used for the palatability of the feeds in terms of the appearance.

Crude Fat. The term used to refer to the crude mixture of fat-soluble material

present in a sample (www.foodscience-avenue.com). Crude fat is also one of the bases of

comparison between the experimental and control group.

Crude Fiber. A measure of the quantity of indigestible cellulose, pentosans,

lignin, and other components of this type in present foods. The components have little

food value but provide the bulk necessary for proper peristaltic action in the intestinal

tract. (www.foodscience-avenue.com) Crude fiber is used to describe the amount of

25
fibrous food residue with no nutritional value left after the control and experimental feeds

are dissolved in the laboratory with harsh chemical substances.

Crude Protein. A measure of dietary protein that is based on the assumption that

the average amino acid in a protein contains 16 percent nitrogen. Thus, total chemically

determined nitrogen × 6.25 (100 ÷ 16) = crude protein. (www.extension.org) Crude fiber

is used to describe the component which enables proper development of the reproductive

system within the Broiler chickens. Crude protein also contributes to the essential

nutritional requirements of a well-balanced feed diet.

Judgmental Sampling. In judgment sampling, the researcher or some other

"expert" uses his/her judgment in selecting the units from the population for study based

on the population’s parameters. (www.uoguelph.ca) In this study, it is used as the

sampling design to select respondents to provide their comparison between the

experimental and control group under the variables of odor, color and texture.

Moisture Content. It is the quantity of water contained in a material.

(www.wikipedia.com) In this study, moisture content refers to the balance between shelf-

life and palatability of the control and experimental feeds. Too much moisture content

would result to lower shelf-life, but the lack of moisture content would result to

unpalatable feeds and increased requirement for water.

Odor. In this study, it is thearoma of the feeds.

Palatability. Acceptable to the taste; sufficiently agreeable in flavor to be eaten

(www.thefreedictionary.com). Palatability is utilized in this study as the satisfaction level

of the Blapticadubia feeds when consumed by Broiler chickens.

26
Steaming. It is a process that uses indirect heat with the use of a steamer to cook

whichresults in a more nutritious product than boiling because fewer nutrients are leached

away into the water. (www.wikipedia.com) In this study, it is used as a method of

sterilization of the Blapticadubia.

Texture. In this study, it is the smoothness, roughness, and such of the feeds.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter exhibits works that are related and show relevance to the subject

matter. The researchers gather facts and knowledge through looking into articles in books

and internet. Also, by examining and searching for thesis and dissertations that will lead

and bring us information about our research problem.

Related Literature

a. Foreign

Cockroaches are crazy for cleanliness. They spend hours washing themselves,

licking their feet and sucking on their own antennae – two very important body parts

(Masoff, Joy., 2000 “Oh Yuck!”The Encyclopedia of Everything Nasty).

The Orange Spotted Roach, BlapticaDubia(or Guyana) can be a valuable food for

reptiles, birds, amphibians, fishes, etc. This roach makes an excellent feeder insect as it

rarely flies and cannot scale glass or plastic. Adults and juveniles alike have a soft

exoskeleton, and are thus an ideal food for amphibians, birds, spiders, scorpions, fishes,

reptiles and certain small mammals (I have used them as treats for flying squirrels and

deer mice). The nymphs are only .1 inch in length, and eagerly accepted by tiny

amphibians and reptiles (Frank Indiviglio, 2009).

A blogger said “Bearded and Dwarf Monitors are probably two of the most

popular pets in the U.S. Dragons and Monitors need a good mixture of fruits, veggies,

and insects. Till recently most of us have used crickets, mealworms, and other treats like

wax worms. The problem is none of these feeders get large enough or carry the necessary

28
meat to fulfill our dragon’s appetite. I few years ago while keeping frilled dragons I got

into roaches. It amazed me how well they were able to maintain their weight while using

roaches compared to other feeders. Plus one roach was like feeding 4-5 crickets. Using

the roaches was also key part in weight recuperation after breeding. Most people just let

the dragon’s pound pinkies or high fat worms that are not providing the necessary protein

and vitamins. I really recommend that everyone should at least try roaches once before

passing judgment on them”

(http://www.blaberus.com/Documents/What%20Eats%20Roaches.pdf).

At the end of the year there could be 10 million new cockroaches as a result of

one romantic evening (Masoff, Joy., 2000 “Oh Yuck!”The Encyclopedia of Everything

Nasty).

Of all roaches, the Blaptica Dubia Roaches are among the best feeder roaches on

the market. Dubia Roaches don't climb smooth surfaces, they don't fly (males have wings

and can sometimes hover), and, if kept properly they have no

odor. Blapticadubiaroaches are nutritious for a variety of reptiles because they are soft-

bodied, high in protein, low in fat, and have a lot of meat. Dubia roaches have a “clean”,

streamlined look that is not upsetting to many bug-phobic people. They breed at a

moderate rate so a small colony is adequate for a correspondingly small reptile collection

(http://blapticadubiaroaches.com/).

Roaches are used to make sauces, condiments, and appetizers. Some people eat

cockroaches fried in oil and garlic as a cure for indigestion. Cockroaches are supreme

couch potatoes. They spend 75 percent of their time resting. There are people that collect

29
cockroaches. The roaches are captured, killed and hold in a jar until the next morning.

The chickens can eat them after. Chickens will also eat other insects, like termites, grubs,

and worms and will hang around when turn over the compost pile, because chickens have

access to roaches, worms, and centipedes (AlinaNiemi, Ezine Articles, 2010).

Large aquatic turtles like snapping turtles, large tortoises, sail fin lizards,

basilisks, water dragons, and other huge lizards eat cockroaches (Rhudy, 2011). Wasps,

centipedes, birds, bats, spiders, frogs, snakes, rats, and most other small animals also eat

cockroaches (Paladin, 2008 and Jim, 2004).

A chameleon can't also resist eating a cockroach. In fact, one can buy a cockroach

online for a chameleon to feed (Modhayan, 2008 & Cornett, 2005).

Several chicken foods are in pet shops. One can feed it for a chicken.

Unfortunately, the commercial chicken feeds at pet store are expensive. One can make

chicken feed too. Making chicken feed is not difficult. It can be made from breakfast

leftovers. Chicken is an omnivore bird after all (Dihl, 2010).

b. Local

Cockroaches serve as reminders for people to clean rooms, kitchen sinks or

bathrooms. Cockroaches also play a huge ecological role by helping decompose forest

land animal waste and are food for scavengers (those animals that eat decomposing

organisms), thus they circulate the food chain. In laboratory experiments, cockroaches

have not been involved in actual disease occurrences. In fact, cockroaches spend more

time bathing themselves than humans (Garcia, 2009).

Many animals (including small mammals, amphibians, and birds) eat

cockroaches, and are also used by some for medicinal purposes. For centuries, they have

30
been used to cure illnesses, like indigestion and dropsy (edema). Some people put on

crushed roaches to stinging wounds to relieve pain (Diana, 2010)

Cockroaches have proteins that chickens can benefit. Cockroaches scurrying

about farms can be fed to chickens by setting a trap which includes a jar with Vaseline

Jelly inside the jar on the upper portion and bait inside. By the time the roaches get

inside, the roaches won’t be able to come out due to the Vaseline gel. Owners can feed

the chickens with the cockroaches and benefited with the extra protein (Jason, 2005)

Related Studies

a. Foreign

This study of Eekeren (2004), Small-scale Poultry Production in the Tropics, the

diet of poultry must include the following essential nutrients: water, energy sources,

protein (amino acids), vitamins, minerals and other ingredients. Another animal protein

that could be used for feeding to poultry is blood-meal. Blood-meal and all other animal

protein products must be thoroughly sterilized before being mixed into food to avoid

infecting birds and eggs with disease. Commercially bred cockroaches are a safer option.

The study of Katie Cordrey, an author and researcher in Medicinal Roaches

(2010), says that antibiotics in cockroach brains may lead to new bacteria-killing drugs.

Harmful bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, so scientists have

been looking to nature for alternatives. Molecules that are found in the brains of these

insects can potentially kill deadly bacteria like MRSA and E. coli. Experiments revealed

that antibiotics in cockroach brains are effective and non-toxic to humans. Substances

called lysates of locust and cockroach brains proved more than 90% effective against

31
bacteria tested, she says. What’s more, the substances had no toxic effects on human

brain cells, and more research is under way to purify and further characterize the

antibacterial properties of the biological agents from the insects’ brains.

This study entitled “Raising Backyard Chickens” (2010), chickens will scratch for

worms, are happy with people leftovers, love pellets, seeds and vegetables, peels, bugs

and slugs. Chickens want to eat bread while pecking at a cockroach, and sometimes, they

will eat grass and even pebbles. Chickens are most content when range around for food

and they will know what to eat and what not to every time. On the other hand, people

could prepare the fanciest feed preparation for them but if the chickens do not want it,

they will avoid it. What to feed chickens should not be too complicated. Simple steps like

this could provide eggs for the table or for hatching.

This study conducted by Dessie and Ogle, (1996)states that the feed resource is

deficient in protein, energy and probably calcium for layer birds which show that

supplementation of local birds with food sources containing energy and protein and a

calcium source brings about a considerable increase in egg production.

This study conducted by Eekeren, et al (2004), states that medium-weight (3 to 5

pounds) and heavy chicken breeds are raised for meat production, and can quickly reach

a high slaughter weight when given plenty of good quality feed.

b. Local

This study conducted by Macapia, et al (2010), found that Poultry production is

considered one of the most common and very promising agricultural enterprises

especially for low income farm families. It offers several advantages to the raisers.Boiler

production is a big industry. It represents 85 percent of poultry meat that Filipinos

32
consume. Unfortunately, the demand for poultry and poultry by products continue to rise

as human population increases, resulting in the greater demand for high quality

ingredients to be used in mixed feeds. High quality feeds usually means importation of

major ingredients such as fish meal and soybean meal. It is therefore desirable to source

alternative ways to enhance and hasten animal’s growth during these times of unstable

prices of feeds.

In this study, the researchers used Blaptica dubia as an additive for Broiler

Chicken feeds. The studies shown above showed that well-balanced feeds will increase

meat and egg production of chicken breeds. Good quality feeds include a balanced

mixture between water, minerals, protein, calcium and energy sources.

Compared to this study, Dubia Cockroaches were not to be fed to the chickens

purely, but used as an additive for Broiler Chicken Feeds. Cockroaches also underwent

different stages before being added to feeds.

Conceptual Framework

The study dealt only on the efficacy of Dubia Cockroaches (Blaptica dubia) as an

additive for broiler chicken feeds with the use of samples undergoing specific tests.

The experimental and descriptive type of research method were used in this study.

The principal aim in employing this method is to test the nutritional content of Dubia

Cockroaches. Dubia cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), adults and sub-adults, were gathered

and collected using a bottle for safe-keeping, by means of catching and breeding. The live

cockroaches underwent into cleansing and sterilization for about 15 minutes at 100 °C

(212 °F) by using any steam sterilization utensil. This step was done for it will inactivate

33
all bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms in the cockroaches (also from insecticides

that can affect the chickens’ health), which can be quite resistant. The steamed

cockroaches were chopped and sun dried.

Home-made feeds ingredients were gathered like corn, nuts, rice, and skimmed

milk. The ingredients were pounded using a mortar and pestle and refined.

The refined ingredients were mixed with the chopped and sun-dried cockroaches

with the percentage of the weight they are designated with, and afterwards were given to

the Department of Science and Technology – Region III in Maimpis, San Fernando,

Pampanga for the animal feeds tests.

The researchers observed the two groups in terms of odor, color, texture, moisture

content, ash content, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, calcium content, and cost of

production.

34

Gathering of Dubia
Cockroaches

Preparation of Home-
made feeds
Preparation of
Experimental Feeds:

a. cleansing and
sterilization
b. chopping
c. sun drying

Experimental Feeds Control Feeds

Observations in terms of:

a. Odor
b. Color
c. Texture
d. Ash content
e. Crude fat
f. Crude fiber
g. Crude protein
h. Calcium Content
i. Cost of Production

Figure 1
Paradigm of the Study

35
Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This research was conducted in order to determine whether the cockroach

Blapticadubia has the potential to become an additive for broiler chicken feeds and play a

significant role in poultry farms and households in Tarlac City.

The advantages and disadvantages as well as the reliability of the methods that

were used were also part of the objectives.

Research Design

In order to answer these research goals, a combination of approaches, survey,

descriptive and experimental research methods were used in this study. The researchers

tested out hypotheses by reaching conclusions that resulted to new discoveries. The

survey and the descriptive method yielded qualitative data while the experiment yielded

quantitative data which was analyzed by the researchers using tables and graphs.

In this study, the experimental method was employed to determine whether it was

possible for a cockroach to be considered as an additive feed for chickens and if there

were nutrients for the chickens to benefit. The researchers opted to use this research

method considering the objective to obtain first-hand data from experimentation,

description and surveys.

This research is intended to offer Filipinos, especially poultry raisers that

cannot afford commercial products.

36
Sampling Design

Sensory evaluation of control feeds and experimental feeds were assessed using

judgmental sampling method. The researcher chose the respondents based on who they

think would be appropriate for the study. This method is used primarily because there

were alimitednumber of people that have expertise in the area being researched. The

researchers selected ten respondents from Magaspac, Gerona, Tarlac. The respondents

were interviewed based on their observations on the control and experimental groups.

The respondents evaluated the odor, color and texture from: Very Acceptable,

Moderately Acceptable, Acceptable, Less Acceptable, and Not Acceptable. The

experimental method is then appropriate for this research since this method is used for

gathering data through observation.

Sensory Evaluation

The sensory evaluation was composed of odor, color, and texture. This research

used any Dubia cockroach as an additive for broiler chicken feeds. The researchers

prepared a treatment which contains 9.5g chopped Dubia cockroaches (Blaptica Dubia).

Actual Compositions of the Set-ups (Broiler Chicken Feeds)

Material Set-Up

Chopped Dubia Cockroach (Blaptica Dubia) 9.5 g

Ground Field Corn 97.2 g

Pounded Rice Grains 80.7 g

Raw Ground Nuts 42.6 g

Skimmed Milk 20 g

37
Instruments

The actual instruments, apparatus, and equipment that were used for the Broiler

chicken feeds preparation are 1 mortar & pestle, 1 steamer, 1 gas stove, 1 measuring

spoon, 1 triple beam balance, 1 knife, and 4 pairs of gloves. For testing the Broiler

chicken feeds, equipments and apparatus of AOAC methods of Analysis 18th ed. are used.

1 VelpScientifica Distillation apparatus (for Crude Protein), 1 Air Oven, 1 Flame

photometer, 1 Silica crucible, 1 Muffle furnace, 1 Velp Fat Extractor, 6 beakers, 1

Aluminum dish, 2Ashing dishes, 2 Desiccators, 1Filtering device, 1 Suction filter, and 1

Fiber analyzer.

Procedure

I. Catching and Collecting of Cockroaches

The researchers considered the gathering of cockroaches with methods which did

not include anything poisonous that can potentially harm the chickens. The researchers

also considered the use of traps such as jars with bait inside (e.g. carrots, apples, oranges,

lettuce, dry cat/dog food, cereals, and fish food) and the walls of the jar polished with

lubricants (e.g. oil, Vaseline gel, Petroleum Jelly). This set up did not permit the leaving

of the cockroaches, thus rendered them trapped.

The researchers bred the roaches for adequate use for the broiler chicken feeds.

II. Sterilization

After the researchers have gathered the cockroaches, the cockroaches underwent

cleansing to remove any unwanted materials which could be crucial to the chicken’s

health, and then were sterilized by using steam. The cockroaches were heated at a holding

38
time of at least 15 minutes at 100 °C (212 °F) to achieve sterility by using any steam

sterilization utensil. This step was done for it will inactivate certain bacteria, viruses and

other microorganisms like E. coli and Coliform in the cockroaches (also from insecticides

that can affect the chickens’ health), which can be quite resistant. It did not necessarily

eliminate all prions, but helped in eliminating some harmful substances.

III. Chopping and Sun Drying

After doing so, the researchers chopped the cockroaches to prevent the chicks or

chickens to choke. The cockroaches were exposed to the sun’s heat to kill certain bacteria

and to dry them.

IV. Preparation of the Home-made feeds

The ingredients used were 97.2 g of ground field corn, 80.7 g of pounded rice

grains, 42.6 g of raw ground nuts, and 20 g of skimmed milk. The ingredients were mixed

thoroughly.

V. Mixture of the Components

The home-made feeds were mixed with the chopped and sun-dried cockroaches

with the percentage of the weight they are designated with by using a Triple Beam

Balance.

VI. Data Collection

The Dubia cockroach-mixed feeds was given to the Department of Science and

Technology – Region III in Maimpis, San Fernando, Pampanga for the animal feeds tests

that includes Moisture Content, Ash Content, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, Crude Fiber, and

Calcium. The researchers used judgmental sampling to get ten respondents from

39
Magaspac, Gerona, Tarlac to react on the difference between the experimental product

and the commercial product.

VII. Testing Procedures of the Dubia cockroach-mixed Feeds (AOAC methods of

Analysis 18thed)

a. Moisture content (AOAC 930.15)

"Loss on Drying at 135°C for 2 Hours" - A 2g sample was placed in an

Aluminum dish which was in turn placed in a forced air draft oven set to

135°C. The dish was removed after exactly two hours, covered and placed in a

desiccator. When cooled, the dish is weighed and the loss in weight is the

moisture content.

b. Ash Content (AOAC 942.05)

2 g of sample was weighed accurately in a silica crucible. The sample was

ignited on a burner until smoke ceases. The crucible was placed in a muffle

furnace and heated to 550°C and kept for 2 hours. At this temperature all organic

matter was burnt leaving behind minerals. The crucible was removed from the

furnace carefully and cooled in a desiccator at room temperature and weighed

again.

c. Crude Protein

The crude protein content of a feed was estimated by measuring the

amount of nitrogen (N) in the feed and by using VelpScientifica Distillation

apparatus operation manual.

Two grams sample was digested in H2SO4 using CuSO4 5H2O as catalyst

and by adding Na2SO4 or K2SO4 to elevate the boiling point converting

40
organically bound N to ammonium sulphate which when heated with excess alkali

(40% NaOH), NH3 was liberated which is distilled into a known excess of

standard acid (0.1 N H2SO4). The unneutralized acid was mixed with standard

alkali (0.1 N NaOH). From the known value, the nitrogen content and crude

protein were calculated by multiplying by 6.25.

c. Crude Fat (AOAC 945.16)

With reference to Velp Fat Extractor Manual, A dried, ground sample was

extracted with petroleum ether which dissolves fats, oils, pigments and other fat

soluble substances. The ether is then evaporated from the fat solution. The

resulting residue is weighed and referred to as ether extract or crude fat.

e. Crude Fiber (AOAC 962.09)

Crude fibre is the residue remaining after sequential digestion with 0.255N

sulfuric acid and 0.313N sodium hydroxide solutions in a Fibre Analyzer,

followed by oven-drying at 104ºC overnight and ignition at 600ºC for 3

hours. The compounds removed are predominantly protein, sugar, starch, lipids

and portions of both the structural carbohydrates and lignin. These residues

(containing cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ash and tannins) are indigestible

substances, often called structural carbohydrates.

f. Calcium (AOAC 988.06)

Calcium was determined by using the Flame Photometric Method.

41
Statistical Treatment

Continuum Frequency counts were used to describe the appearance of the

experimental feeds. Mean was also used to describe the control group in terms of odor

and texture.

Scoring the Variables

This study used the Likert Scale. The Likert Scale is an ordered, one-dimensional

scale from which respondents chose one option that best aligned with their view. In

scoring, numbers are usually assigned to each option.

4.50 and above = Very Acceptable (va)

3.50 – 4.49 = Moderately Acceptable (ma)

2.50 – 3.49 = Acceptable (a)

1.50 – 2.49 = Less Acceptable (la)

1.49 and below = Not Acceptable (na)

Descriptive method was used to compare the animal feeds tests of the control and

experimental product by using the standard product as basis.

T-Test II

To test the significant difference between the two samples, the T-Test II shall be

used. The formula is as follows:

42
T-test Independent Formula:

where:

t – t-probability

, – mean scores

Σ ,Σ – mean squares

, – number of cases

43
Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered during the experimentation and interpreted

to satisfy the problems identified in the research.

Table 1
Description of Odor of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds

Very Moderately Acceptable Less Not

Acceptable Acceptable acceptable acceptable Mean Description

5 4 3 2 1

Control Very
6 4 0 0 0 4.6
Group Acceptable

Experimental Very
8 2 0 0 0 4.8
Group Acceptable

Table 1 shows the odor evaluation of the experimental and commercial broiler

chicken feed. It is shows that the control group is found to be of very acceptable odor

with a mean of 4.6 and the experimental group is found to be of very acceptable odor

with a mean of 4.8.

Table 2 represents the color evaluation of experimental and commercial broiler

chicken feeds. In terms of color, it is shown on the table that the control group has a mean

of 4.5 which is very acceptable color and the experimental group has a mean of 4.7 which

is very acceptable.

44
Table 2
Description of Color of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds



5 4 3 2 1

Control Very
6 3 1 0 0 4.5
Group Acceptable

Experimental Very
7 3 0 0 4.7
Group Acceptable

Table 3
Description of Texture of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds



5 4 3 2 1

Control Moderately
3 6 1 0 0 4.2
Group Acceptable

Experimental Very
6 3 1 0 0 4.5
Group Acceptable

Table 3 shows the texture evaluation of the experimental and control groups. The

control group was found to be of moderately acceptable texture with a mean of 4.2 and

the experimental group was found to be of very acceptable texture with a mean of 4.5.

45
Table 4
Moisture Content Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken
Feeds

Percentage of
Moisture Content Difference from
Standard Level

Control Group 12% 9.09%

Experimental Group 10.70% -2.27%

Standard Level 11% 0%

Table 4 shows the results of the laboratory test done to the control and

experimental groups to determine their levels of moisture content. The control group has

a moisture content level of 12% which had a 9.09% of difference from the standard level

and the experimental group has a moisture content level of 10.70% which had a -2.27%

of difference from the standard level of moisture content for Broiler Chicken Feeds.

The moisture or water content of the feed is a key nutrient that is often neglected

but is frequently limiting particularly in tropical situations and especially in lactating

animals. Much of the animal’s water is likely to come from the feed, particularly when

the animal is grazing or browsing lush vegetation. Once harvested, feeds with high

moisture content are liable to spoil quickly, mostly from fungal contamination. The

molds and more particularly the toxins that are produced by many molds make the feed

unpalatable and can cause illness or even death to both the animals and people handling

the feed. On the other hand, very dry feeds, while being stable during storage, are less

palatable for the animal and also increase the animal’s requirement for water

(http://www.smallstock.info/info/feed/chemical.htm#Moisture).

46
Table 5
Ash Content Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds

Percentage of
Ash Content Difference from
Standard Level

Control Group 6% 100%

Experimental Group 0.80% 73.33%


Table 5 shows the results of the laboratory test done to determine the ash content

of the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group showed 6% of

ash content with had a 100% of difference from the standard level of ash content and the

experimental group showed 0.8% of ash content which had a 73.33% difference with the

standard level of ash content for Broiler Chicken Feeds.

An analytical laboratory for the precise estimation of nutrient contents and

contaminants is of utmost importance. Analyze the feeds for proximate principles. The

amount of acid insoluble ash is a good guide to the amount of sand or other dirt which

may be present. The feed is usually adulterated with sand during drying process. The ash

also represents the total of all the minerals found in the feeds. Although a smaller amount

can come from plant-based ingredients, most ash comes from the bone

content and minerals additives in a product

(http://www.unapcaem.org/Activities%20Files/A16/Animal%20Feed%20&%20Quality.pdf).

47
Table 6
Crude Protein Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds

Percentage of
Crude Protein Difference from
Standard Level




Table 6 shows the results of the laboratory test done to determine the levels of

crude protein of the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group

showed 6% of crude protein with had a 38.46% of difference from the standard level of

crude protein and the experimental group showed 13.81% of crude protein which had a

6.23% difference with the standard level of crude protein for Broiler Chicken Feeds.

Diets containing 12.4 percent crude protein offered for consumption to broiler

breeder males during the period of 7 to 21 weeks of age were adequate for development

of the reproductive system and subsequent reproductive performance (Wilson et al.,

1971). Broiler breeder males can be fed 12 to 14 percent crude protein on a restricted

basis after 4 weeks of age with no adverse effects on final body weight, sexual maturity,

or semen quality; a greater number of males produced semen through 53 weeks when fed

12 percent crude protein than when fed higher levels (Wilson et al., 1987a).

48
Table 7
Crude Fat Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds

Percentage of
Crude Fat Difference from
Standard Level



Standard Level 6.5% 0%


crude fat of the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group showed

3% of ash content with had a 53.85% of difference from the standard level of crude fat

and the experimental group showed 8.77% of crude protein which had a 34.92%

difference with the standard level of crude fat for Broiler ChickenFeeds.

An analytical laboratory for the precise estimation of nutrient contents and

contaminants is of utmost importance. Analyze the feeds for proximate principles. This

indicates possible constraints on usage due to the presence of excessive content of crude

fiber, fat or total ash. The high Crude Fat is indicative of adulteration with urea and or

some inferior quality oil seed meals.The free fatty acid content of oily materials will

affect the palatability and rancidity of oils.

49
Table 8
Crude Fiber Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds

Percentage of
Crude Fiber Difference from
Standard Level





crude fiber of the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group

showed 6% of crude fiber with had a 7.69% of difference from the standard level of

crude fiber and the experimental group showed 1.12% of crude fiber which had a82.77%

difference with the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken Feeds.

In the intestinal tract, fiber resists being broken down by enzymes, although part

of it may be metabolized by bacteria in the lower gut. Fiber is characterized by low or no

nutritional value. Dietary fiber is a complex mixture of different components; it may or

may not include the fibrous structure. Crude fiber, on the other hand, is a term used to

describe the fibrous food residue that is left over after it has been dissolved in the

laboratory with certain harsh chemical solvents such as sulfuric acid and sodium

hydroxide.

According to experts from Colorado State University, crude fiber only equals

about one seventh to one half of total dietary fiber, depending upon the source of the fiber

(http://www.livestrong.com/article/322507-the-definition-of-crude-fiber-in-

food/#ixzz1p4WuOsf2).

50
Table 9
Calcium Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds

Percentage of
Calcium Difference from
Standard Level

Control Group 1.1% 37.5%




calcium present in the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group

showed 1.1% of calcium with had a 37.5% of difference from the standard level of

calcium and the experimental group showed 0.004% of calcium which had a 99.5%

difference with the standard level of calcium for Broiler Chicken Feeds.

As calcium level is increased, shell strength of eggs from meat-type or broiler

hens also increases (Mehring, 1965). Egg production and hatchability of meat-type hens

on litter were not improved by feeding more than 3.91 g of calcium per hen daily (Wilson

et al., 1980). One of the best determinants of calcium adequacy for breeder hens is egg

specific gravity; eggs should have a specific gravity of 1.080 or greater for optimal

hatchability (McDaniel et al., 1979). Since meat-type hens are usually given a daily

allotment of feed early in the morning before significant eggshell calcification occurs,

supplying a portion of the calcium in an afternoon feeding may improve eggshell quality

(Farmer et al., 1983; Van Wambeke and DeGroote, 1986). Feeding the entire dietary

allocation in the afternoon, however, may significantly reduce hatchability because of

production of eggs with thicker eggshells (Brake, 1988).

51
Table 10
Cost Analysis

Set- up Price per kg

Control Group P40.00 / kg

Experimental Group P39.12 / kg

Table 10 shows the computation of the cost of production of the two groups. It

shows that the researchers spentP40.00/kg for the commercial broiler chicken feeds and

P39.12/ kg for the experimental broiler chicken feeds.

Table 11 shows the test of difference of the odor, color, and texture of the control

and experimental groups. The table shows the t-test in terms of odor with a t computed of

-0.9487 and t-critical of -2.101. Therefore, the commercial feeds and experimental feeds

are incomparable. The t-test in terms of color with a t computed of 0.7386 and t critical of

2.101. Therefore, the commercial feeds and experimental feeds are incomparable. The t-

test in terms of texture with a t computed of 1 and t critical of 2.101. Therefore, the

commercial feeds and experimental feeds are incomparable

52
Table 11
Test of difference of the Odor, Color and Texture of the Experimental and Control
Group

T – Critical Conclusion Inference
Group Mean Decision
Value Value

Control 4.6 Accept
Odor -0.9487 -2.101 Insignificant
Ho
Experimental 4.8
Control 4.5
Accept Insignificant
Color 0.7386 2.101
Experimental 4.7 Ho

Control 4.2
Accept Insignificant
Texture 1 2.101
Experimental 4.5 Ho

Table 12
Cost

Price Cheaper by

Control Group P40.00 0%

Experimental Group P39.12 2.2 %

Table 12 reveals that the experimental group is cheaper by 2.2 % than the

commercial group.

53
Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the study, its findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

Summary of findings

Based on the gathered data, the researchers came out with the following results:

1.1 The means of the odor evaluation are as follows; the control group has a


experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of odor.

1.2 The means of the color evaluation are as follows; the control group has a


experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of color.

1.3 The means of texture evaluations are as follows; the control group has a


experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of texture.

1.4 The results of laboratory testing done to evaluate the levels of moisture

content of the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the

control group has moisture content level of 12% and the experimental group has moisture

content level of 10.70%. Having the standard level of moisture content in Broiler

Chicken Feeds as 11%, the control group has a 9.09% of difference with the standard

level and the experimental group has a 2.27% of difference with the standard level of

moisture content. Feeds with high moisture content are liable to spoil quickly, mostly

54
from fungal contamination. Thus, the experimental group is more preferred than the

control group because of the lower percentage of the moisture content.

1.5 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the ash content level of

the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the control group

has an ash content level of 6% and the experimental group has an ash content level of

0.8%. Having the standard level of ash content for Broiler Chicken Feeds as 3%, the

control group has a 100% of difference with the standard level and the experimental

group has a 73.33% of difference with the standard level of moisture content. The amount

of acid insoluble ash is a good guide to the amount of sand or other dirt which may be

present and the total of all the minerals found in the feeds. The feed is usually adulterated

with sand during drying process. The experimental group is more preferred than the

control group because of the acid insoluble ash present and the lower difference in

percentage from the standard level.

1.6 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the level of crude protein


control group has 18% of crude protein present and the experimental grouphas 13.81% of

crude protein. Having the standard level of crude protein for Broiler Chicken Feeds as

13%, the control group has 38.43% difference from the standard level of crude protein

and the experimental group hasa 6.23% difference from the standard. Crude protein is

needed especially for Broiler developers in maintaining their diet. Thus, the experimental

group is more preferred than the control group because of the difference in percentage

from the standard level, and the quantity of crude protein needed by the broilers.

55
1.7 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of crude fat

present in the commercial and experimentalbroiler chicken feeds are as follows; 3% of

crude fat was present in the control group and 8.77% of crude fat was present in the

experimental group. Having the standard level of crude fat for Broiler Chicken Feeds as

6.5%, the control group was 53.85% different from the standard level of crude fat for

Broiler Chicken feeds and the experimental group was 34.29% different from the

standard level. The high Crude Fat is indicative of adulteration with urea and or some

inferior quality oil seed meals. The free fatty acid content of oily materials will affect

palatability due to rancidity of oils. Thus, the control group is more preferred than the

experimental group because of the high crude fat in the experimental group which may

affect the palatability of the chicken feeds.

1.8 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of crude fiber


control group has 6% of crude fiber and the experimental group has 1.12% of crude fiber.

Having the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken Feeds as 6.5%, the control

group had 7.69% difference from the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken

feeds and the experimental group had 82.77% of difference from the standard level.

Crude fiber is a term used to describe the fibrous food residue that is left over after it has

been dissolved in the laboratory with certain harsh chemical solvents such as sulfuric acid

and sodium hydroxide. Crude fiber has no nutritional value. Thus, the experimental group

is more preferred than the control group because of the lower crude fiber for the

nutritional content of the chicken feeds.

56
1.9 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of calcium of

the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the control group

has 1.1% of calcium and the experimental group has 0.004% of calcium. Having the

standard level of calcium for broiler chicken feeds as 0.8, the control group had 7.5%

difference from the standard level of calcium and the experimental group had a 39.95%

difference from the standard level of calcium for broiler chicken feeds. Calcium feeding

may improve eggshell quality (Farmer et al., 1983; Van Wambeke and DeGroote, 1986)

and the bones of the chickens. Thus, the control group is more preferred than the

experimental group because of the calcium content that a broiler chicken needed.

2.0 In terms of cost, the Dubia cockroach-mixed feeds costs P39.12/kg which is

cheaper by 2.2% compared to the commercial feeds which costs P40.00/kg.

2.1 In terms of odor, since the T-value -0.9487 is higher than the critical value -



2.2 In terms of color, since the T-value 0.7386 is lower than the critical value



2.3 In terms of texture, since the T-value is 1 is lower than the critical value



57
Conclusion

Based from the gathered data, the researchers concluded the following:

4. The control group was found to be of very acceptable color, odor and moderately

acceptable texture. The experimental feeds were found to be of very acceptable

color, odor, and texture.

5. The control group was found to be of 12% moisture content, 6% ash content, 12%

crude protein, 3% crude fat, 6% crude fiber and 1.1% calcium. The experimental

group was found to be of 10.70% moisture content, 0.80% ash content, 13.81%

crude protein, 8.77% crude fat, 1.12% crude fiber and 0.004% calcium.

6. The control group costs Php 40.00 / kg and the experimental group costs Php

39.12 / kg; thus, the experimental group is 2.2% cheaper than the control group.

7. There is no significant difference between the control and experimental group in

terms of their color, odor and texture.

Recommendations

Based on findings and recommendations, the researchers strongly recommend the

following:

9. This study is only a preliminary investigation. Hence, further studies and

utilization of Blapticadubia and homemade feeds should be pursued to determine

its most effective potential needed to locate the active principle from the various

nutrients and their agricultural studies.

10. Increasing the ratio of Blapticadubia over homemade feeds can possibly improve

the nutritional value of the homegrown feeds and the cost of production.

58
11. Other tests can also be conducted to the experimental group to add more value to

its significant property.

12. Also, other researchers can study other kinds of cockroaches, Americana

Periplaneta, in terms of their properties and used to man.

13. Other researchers may include soybean or fish meals for additional nutrient

content.

14. Also, increasing the skimmed milk or adding bone meal for calcium content.

15. Adding ingredients with vitamins or minerals can possibly improve the ash

content of the feeds.

16. Other researchers may not grind or pound the ingredients because these processes

can cause the loss of protein and nutrients needed.

59
BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

Chiba, Lee I., 2009. Animal Nutrition Handbook Section 12:

“PoultryNutrition and Feeding” page 316

Masoff, Joy., 2000 “Oh Yuck!”The Encyclopedia of Everything

“Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition,

1994”pp. 20-30

B. PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Babiker , M.S., C. Kijora , S.A. Abbas and J. Danier. 2009. Nutrient

Composition Main Poultry Feed Ingredients Used in Sudan and Their

Variations from Local Standard Tables Values

Bakker, Robert R. and H.W. Elbersen. 2005. Managing Ash Content and

Quality Herbaceous Biomass: An Analysis From Plant To Product

Bastianelli, D., E. Fermet-Quinet, C. Hervouet, S. Domenech, L. Bonnal And D.

Friot 2000. Quality of poultry feeds in East Africa. Interest of near

infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the estimation of their composition

Dessie, Tadelle. 1996. The Role of Scavenging Poultry in Integrated Farming

Systems in Ethiopia

Eekeren, N. Van, A. Maas, H.W. Saatkamp, M. Verschuur.2004. Small-scale

Poultry Production in the Tropics

Harvey, Mueller I. 2000. Modern Techniques for Feed Analysis

60
Heijden, Maarten van der and D de Haan. 2010. Optimising Moisture while

Maintaining Feed Quality

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/09/100909-cockroach-brains-

mrsa-ecoli-antibiotics-science-health/

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/09/100909-cockroach-brains-

mrsa-ecoli-antibiotics-science-health/

C. INTERNET

http://www.blaberus.com/Documents/What%20Eats%20Roaches.pdf

http://blapticadubiaroaches.com/

http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatreptileblog/2008/12/01/the-orange-spotted-

roach-an-interesting-pet-and-valuable-food-for-reptiles-amphibians-invertebrates-

birds-and-fishes-part-1/ (2009)

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070519053647AAdoBSx

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080925084257AAJXvrf

http://www.reptileknowledge.com/care/chameleon-feeding.php

http://www.roachcom.net/rofacts/

http://ezinearticles.com/?Diet-of-a-Chicken---Chicken-Feed-and-Other-

Tips&id=5575670 (10 July 2010)

http://www.bukisa.com/articles/357947_how-to-make-chicken-feed

(21 September 2010)

http://www.thenewstoday.info/2009/05/05/cockroaches.html (2009)

61
http://www.brighthub.com/environment/science-

environmental/articles/73152.aspx (2 June 2010)

http://www.smallstock.info/info/feed/chemical.htm

http://www.foragetesting.org/lab_procedure/sectionC/part8.0.htm

http://www.aoac.org/oma_revision/toc.htm

http://www.a2la.org/scopepdf/1307-02.pdf

http://www.plamondon.com/faq_feed.html

http://agromedia.ca/ADM_Articles/content/f1a1c1.pdf

http://www.lionsgrip.com/labels.html

http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/80324/Interpreting-the-

feed-analysis-report.pdf

http://urbanchickens.org/benefits-urban-chickens

62
Appendix A
Excuse letter


February 14, 2012

Sir/Madam:

Blessed day! We, the fourth year Math and Science students of Laboratory High School are
accomplishing a study entitled, “Blaptica dubia (Dubia Cockroach) as an Additive for Broiler
Chicken Feeds” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Science Research II at Tarlac State
University Laboratory High School.

In this connection, we are requesting your good office to excuse us on our classes for one whole day
on February 14, 2012. We are going to bring the samples that will undergo animal feeds test at the
Department of Science and Technology – Region III in Maimpis, San Fernando, Pampanga.

We hope that this request will merit utmost consideration and approval from you. We are looking
forward for your kind support.

Thank you and God bless!

Respectfully yours,

(Sgd) David Marco Bildan
(Sgd) Marly Vea Clarisse Elli
(Sgd) Gian Carlo Muldong
(Sgd) Liana Faith De Leon
(Sgd) Ray John Dorig
(Sgd) Mies Eliel Dela Cruz

Noted by:

(Sgd) Estrella B. Pagco
Adviser/ Research II Instructor

Recommended by:

(Sgd) Ma. Shinette P. Morales
Academic Head

Approved by:

(Sgd) Norbina Genever M. Castro
Director

63
Appendix B
Discount letter


February 14, 2012

Victor B. Mariano, DBA
Regional Director
Department of Science and Technology 3
San Fernando, Pampanga

Sir:

Blessed day! We, the fourth year Math and Science students of Laboratory high School are accomplishing a
study entitled, “Blaptica dubia (Dubia Cockroach) as an Additive for Broiler Chicken Feeds” in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for Science Research II at Tarlac State University Laboratory High School.

In this connection, we appeal for discount regarding your animal feeds tests specifically Crude Fat, Crude
Protein, Crude Fiber, Ash Content, Moisture Content, and Calcium.

We hope that this request will merit utmost consideration and approval from you.


Respectfully yours,

(Sgd) Marly Vea Clarisse Elli
(Sgd) Mies Eliel Dela Cruz

Noted by:


Academic Head

Approved by:

Director

64
Appendix C
Permission letter


February 14, 2012

Dr. Julius Caesar V. Sicat
Officer-in-Charge, Quality Manager
Department of Science and Technology 3
San Fernando, Pampanga

Sir:

Blessed day! We, the fourth year Math and Science students of Laboratory High School are
accomplishing a study entitled, “Blaptica dubia (Dubia Cockroach) as an Additive for Broiler
Chicken Feeds” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Science Research II at Tarlac State
University Laboratory High School.

In this connection, we request to have the pictures of the samples from the preparation, analysis
procedures, and the results of the animal feeds tests specifically Crude Fat, Crude Protein, Crude
Fiber, Ash Content, Moisture Content, and Calcium.

We hope that this request will merit utmost consideration and approval from you.


Respectfully yours,
(Sgd) MarlyVea Clarisse Elli
(Sgd) MiesElielDela Cruz

Noted by:


Academic Head

Approved by:

Director

65
Appendix D
Questionnaire

Name (optional): ________________________________________________

Please rate the products as to their COLOR and TEXTURE by putting check (√)
on the boxes.

ODOR

Product Very Moderately Less Not
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
A
B

COLOR

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
A
B

TEXTURE

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
A
B

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