Daniel Senerwa, Johanna Lindahl & Delia Grace

1. ILRI Food safety & zoonoses
Daniel Senerwa, Johanna Lindahl & Delia Grace
16th of August 2016

2. ILRI’s strategic intentions in this program
why we have this program!
1. Everyone needs to eat & wants to be healthy
2. Food-borne disease is common, costly and preventable
3. A new disease emerges every 4 months, ¾ are zoonotic

3. Food-borne diseases
• Food-borne diseases are very important
• Diarrhoea is a leading killer of children: over 1,400
young children dying each day, or about 530,000
children a year
• The majority is food and water-associated
• Animal-source food over-represented as a cause

4. Agriculture imposes large burdens on
human health
Emerging
Food borne
Malnutrition
Zoonoses
Malaria
Three million deaths a year are agriculture associated
One quarter of all deaths from infection are agriculture associated
Almost all of these occur in developing countries

5. Evidence for food safety
• 90% of animal products are
produced and consumed
in the same country or
region
• 500 million smallholders
produce 80% of food in
poor countries. 43% of the
workforce are women

6. Our agenda in the Food safety and
zoonoses program
• Which livestock agendas are important in this program?
–Safe food
–Zoonotic diseases
–Emerging infectious diseases
– Animal health
– Intensification and disease
– Climate change and disease
– Gender and health
– Food safety and nutrition

7. ILRI program geography
• Which countries does the program mainly work in (actual and
planned)?
–Kenya
– Vietnam
– Ethiopia
– Uganda
– Tanzania
– Zambia
– India
– Bangladesh
– Laos

8. Dairy value chain
• Hygiene projects
• Training & certification schemes
• Tuberculosis, brucellosis, other zoonoses
• Antibiotic residues and resistance
• Evaluating the risks
• Identifying risk practices
• Pilot interventions

9. Food safety- meat
• Reduce risks from flies
• Cysticercosis
• Bacterial contamination
• Risk assessments
• Different commodities
• Slaughter houses
• Consumption of sick or diseased animals

10. Vector-borne diseases
• Rift Valley fever & other viral fevers
• Tick-borne diseases
• Rodent-borne diseases (Leptospirosis)

11. Why bother about aflatoxins and animals?
• Animals are susceptible to aflatoxins: some more,
some less
1. Animal suffering- an animal welfare issue
2. Reduced animal productivity
3. Aflatoxins in animal-source foods

12. Reduced animal productivity
• Literature review show
• Little research in Africa
• Varying results
• Pigs: Increasing 1000 ppb in feed reduced
growth gain with 3.9a-16b%
• AFB1 levels impairing productionc: 800 ppb in
chickens, 700 ppb in geese and quail, 500 ppb in
duck and 400 ppb in Turkey
aAndretta et al.Meta-analytical study of productive and nutritional interactions of mycotoxins in growing
pigs. Int J Anim Biosci. 2012;6(9):1476–82.
bDersjant-Li et al. The impact of low concentrations of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol or fumonisin in diets on
growing pigs and poultry. Nutr Res Rev. 2003;16(2):223–39.
cMonson et al.. Aflatoxicosis: Lessons from Toxicity and Responses to Aflatoxin B1 in Poultry. Agriculture.
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2015;5(3):742–77.

13. Farmer Consumer
Aflatoxin
flow
Human
exposure
AB1
AB1
AB1-> AM1
AM1
Corn/feed
produced
at farm
Corn/feed
purchased
Milk produced
at farm
AB1 AM1
Treatments
Aflatoxins & other mycotoxins

14. Animal source food
• Aflatoxins are transferred to animal products
• 1-7% of aflatoxins in feed is metabolized and
transferred to milk
• Some studies show no transfer to eggs, other
show low levels (5,000:1 -125,000:1)
• Meat intermediary transfer: around 1000:1 ?
• Reduced if stop feeding

15. Kenya- dairy value chain
• Feed collected from 5 countiesa
– From farmers: 0.02 ppb to 9,661ppb and the
positive samples ranged from 75% to 100%
– Milk samples: Up to 6999ppt, up to 26% of
samples
– Samples exceeding 5ppb
• 25% to 100% of the feed in farms
• 85.7% to 100% of the feed from feed retailers
• 20% to 100% of the feeds from feed manufacturers
– Estimate cost of feed discarded if enforced: >20 billion USD
– Estimated impact of this on lost milk production>30 million USD
a Mugangai et al. 2016, submitted

16. Kenya- urban milk
• Milk collected from milk retailersa
– 58% knew about aflatoxin, but only 6% thought
milk was not totally safe after boiling
– Milk samples: mean AFM1 was 128.7 ppt, up to
1675 ppt. 55% of samples exceeded 50 ppt and
6% 500 ppt
• Child exposure studyb
• 41% of children were stunted
• 98% of foods contained aflatoxin
• AFM1 exposure associated with decreased HAZ
a Kiruni et al. 2016, submitted, b Kiarie et al. 2016, submitted

17. Senegal- dairy value chain
• Feed and milk- under analysis
– Feed: highest levels in concentrate 305 ppb

18. Still many questions to answer
Interactions with other mycotoxins?
What are the most effective binders and mitigations?
Do we have the optimal regulations and how do we
enforce them?

19. The presentation has a Creative Commons license. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.
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