Twenty years research on aflatoxin in Europe: what benefits for Africa?
Antonio Logrieco, Istituto Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Bari, Italy (coordinator of the Mycokey project under H2020- SFS-13-2015 call on Biological contamination of crops and the food chain: A contribution to a long-term collaboration with China on food safety).
2. 1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in
food chain
4. International mycotoxin networking
initiatives
5. MycoKey project
3. 1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in
food chain
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
5. MycoKey project
4. 39 nations with known regulations
(99 % of inhabitants of the region)
EU harmonized limits exist for
aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin,
DON, zearalenone, fumonisins
EU food limits considered for T-2/HT-2,
ergot alkaloids and other mycotoxins
EU feed limits exist for aflatoxin B1
EU feed guidance values exist for
ochratoxin A and some Fusarium toxins (FAO FNP 81, 2004)
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
6. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
AFT
AFB1
AFM1
AFG1
OTA
PAT
ZEN
mycotoxins
number of countries
15 nations with known regulations (59
% of inhabitants of the region)
Majority of countries: regulations
unknown or non-existent
Several countries indicate regulations
should be developed
Regulations mainly for aflatoxins
Most detailed: Morocco
6
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
(FAO FNP 81, 2004)
7. 1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
Mycotoxin notifications: 54
Border rejections: 280
Information for attention: 44
Alert: 5
Information for follow-up: 383 RASFF 2014 Annual Report
12. EU Imported products with high risk of mycotoxin contamination:
•maize, (fumonisins and aflatoxins) from all continents
•cereals (deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A) mostly from north and south America
•coffee, (ochratoxin A) mostly South America & Africa
•pistachio nuts, (aflatoxins) mostly from North Africa & Asia
•Peanuts & other nuts, (aflatoxins) mostly North, South America & Africa
•Spices (aflatoxins) mostly from Asia & Africa
ade aspects related to mycotoxins
13. Export compliance with food safety
and quality standards.
Total losses: $1.2 billion
World Bank estimate of lost trade
US$ 450 million
Some countries active to meet standards
by putting in place relevant institutions
Best quality exported; poorer quality
consumed domestically. Peanut
Maize
Coffee
Cocoa
ade aspects related to mycotoxins
Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, 2006
14. estimated 55 million tests (mostly cheap antibiotic tests)
Average cost of test (ACT): 50-60€ (1.5€ in antibiotics)
Expected annual growth to 2020: volume 6%, value10-12%
35%
25%
40%
75%
Antibiotics
& Other
Pesticides
Traditional
methods
Novel
methods
4%
12%
Service
(product)
Kits
in-house
300 million €
21% Kits in
service
Service
(time)
63%
25%
Mycotoxins
ade aspects related to mycotoxins
15. HPLC*, UHPLC*,HPLC*, UHPLC*, LC-MSLC-MS
CLEAN-UPCLEAN-UP
EXTRACTIONEXTRACTION
SAMPLINGSAMPLING
DETECTION/
DETERMINATION
DETECTION/
DETERMINATION
* Fluorescence detector
Derivatization: bromine
(Kobra®
cell);
UV irradiation (UVE™)
Tedious sample
preparation
Time consuming
separation and
detection
High costs
Skilled persons
Growing demand for
rapid methods
Growing demand for
rapid methods
Time of analysis: 5 - 20 minTime of analysis: 5 - 20 min
simple sample preparation& inexpensive equipments
suitable for screening purposes
ade aspects related to mycotoxins
16. Lateral flow device or dipstick
ADVANTAGES:ADVANTAGES: rapid (5-10 min), simple, no expensive
equipments required, portable, limited use of organic
solvents, suitable for screening purposes, can be used in situ
DISADVANTAGES:DISADVANTAGES: qualitative or semi-quantitative (cut off
level), matrix interferences may affect result, possible false
positive/negative results, cross-reactivity of antibody with
other mycotoxins, sensitivity not acceptable at levels close to
regulatory limits
• LFDs commercially available for AFs and FBs in maize, DON in
wheat, OTA, ZEA, T-2 and HT-2 in cereal grains.
• Photometric strip readers allow quantitative analysis (LFD)
ade aspects related to mycotoxins
17. 1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food
chain
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
5. MycoKey project
20. PRE-HARVEST POST-HARVEST
Complex
(too many
factors)
Limited control
Problems and side
effects of corrective
actions
Simple
Good Agricultural
Practice (GAP) limit toxin
accumulation
No side effects
Which critical aspects should be tackled
to encourage a sustainable and effective
mycotoxin management in Africa??
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
21. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE IN
DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatment
In-planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
22. ECONOMIC CONTRAINTS
POLITICAL INCENTIVES
SOIL EROSION
OGM RELEASE
LIMITED APPLIED RESEARCH
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatment
In-planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
23. EXPENSIVE
POTENTIAL HARM TO BENEFICIAL
INSECTS AND ENVIRONMENT
RESIDUES IN FOOD
HAZARD FOR THE HEALTH AND
SAFETY OF WORKERS HANDLING
FUNGICIDES
PATHOGENS RESISTANCE
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatment
In-planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
24. EXPENSIVE
UNRELIABLE
(variation in the application due to
environmental conditions)
LIMITED EFFICIENCY (survival)
IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM AND
HEALTH
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatment
In-planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
30. 1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in
food chain
EU/iternational mycotoxin initiatives
1. MycoKey project
31. Post-harvestPost-harvest
BIOCOPBIOCOP
Screening for contaminants in food
OTAPREVOTAPREV
Ochratoxin Prevention in Wheat
OCHRATOXIN AOCHRATOXIN A
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
SAFE ORGANIC VEGETABLESSAFE ORGANIC VEGETABLES
The Carrot Alternaria
Toxin Model
CONTROL MYCOTOX FOODCONTROL MYCOTOX FOOD
Mycotoxin prevention in cereals
FP6
FP5
FP5
FP6
FP5
Horizontal technologiesHorizontal technologies
GOODFOODGOODFOOD
Quality monitoring in the food chain
DETOX-FUNGIDETOX-FUNGI
Toxigenic fungi detection
MYCOTOX INCO-DEVMYCOTOX INCO-DEV
Mycotoxin Control in Latin American South cone
CONffIDENCECONffIDENCE
Inexpensive detection of Contaminants
in the food chain
MYCOSENSEMYCOSENSE
Novel kit for rapid Mycotoxin Detection in food
FP5
FP6
FP5
FP5
FP7
2E-BCAs2E-BCAs in Cropsin Crops
Enhancement of Biocontrol Agents
FUCOMYRFUCOMYR
Fusarium Resistant and Toxin Free Wheat
Pre-harvestPre-harvest
RAFBCARAFBCA
Risk Assessment of Fungal Biological Control Agents
FP5
FP5
FP6
WINE-OCHRA -RISKWINE-OCHRA -RISK
Ochratoxin risk Assessment and Management
FP5
RAMFICRAMFIC
Fusarium Risk Assessment Models
FP5
MONIQAMONIQA
Harmonizing methods
in the food chain
COST 835COST 835
Network on mycotoxin
and toxigenic fungi
EMANEMAN
European Mycotoxin
Awareness Network
MYCONETMYCONET
EU Network for
identification emerging
mycotoxin in wheat chain
FP5
FP6
MYCOGLOBEMYCOGLOBE
Integration research on mycotoxins
and toxigenic fungi
FP6 FP5 FP6
DisseminationDissemination
FP7
ternational mycotoxin initiatives
MYCOKEY & MYTOOLBOXMYCOKEY & MYTOOLBOXMYCOKEY & MYTOOLBOXMYCOKEY & MYTOOLBOX
H2020
32. 109 participants, 28 countries in Africa (15), Europe, Asia, North
America and South America
Participants: Scientists, parliamentarians, heads of institutions,
policymakers, trade and health specialists
ternational mycotoxin initiatives
Learning from the EU:
Reducing Impact of Mycotoxins in Tropical Agriculture with Emphasis on
Health and Trade in Africa
35. New communities
New communities
Scientific cooperation
Scientific cooperation
Projects linked to MycoRed
Projects linked to MycoRed
New communities
New communities Scientific Alliances
Scientific Alliances
Training and educational
cooperation
Training and educational
cooperation
Home education
Home education
ternational mycotoxin initiatives
36. 36
Agreement in China
Agreement in China
Agreement in Indonesia
Agreement in Indonesia
Meetings in Africa
Meetings in Africa
Local networks
Local networks
ternational mycotoxin initiatives
37. Committee members of the newly established
ASM
President of ASM: Prof. Bradley Flett (FlettB@arc.agric.za)
President of ISM: Dr. Antonio Logrieco
Vice President: Prof. Sheila Okoth
Treasurer: Dr. Hanneke Alberts, Secretary: Prof. Olusegun Atanda, Additional
members: Dr. Juliet Akello, Dr. Benoit Gnonlonfin, Prof. Essam Ibraheem
ternational mycotoxin initiatives
ASM2015 - 1st African Symposium on Mycotoxicology Livingstone, 26-28 May 2015ASM2015 - 1st African Symposium on Mycotoxicology Livingstone, 26-28 May 2015
38. 20 MycoRed Scientific Alliances
2 Twinnings
SLAM NMASN
MPU JSM
EMAN
ternational mycotoxin initiatives
EU-ASIA
NET
39. 1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in
food chain
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
5. MycoKey project
41. to generate innovative and integrated solutions
and support stakeholders in effective and sustainable
mycotoxin management along food and feed chains.
to give a sound contribution for reducing mycotoxin
contamination mainly in Europe and China, significant
areas for their increasing mycotoxin occurrence, growing
international trade of commodities and contaminated batches.
ycokey project
ConsumersStorageField Industry
processing
Retailers
storage storagetransport transport consuminggrowing
42. Smart ICT tool (MycoKey App), integrating key information and
practical solutions for mycotoxin management
Rapid, customized forecasting, descriptive information on
contamination risk/levels, decision support and practical
economically-sound suggestions for intervention.
Targeted tools and methodologies for cost-effective application
in the field and during storage, processing and transportation.
Alternative and safe ways to use contaminated batches
Strong cooperation with CHINA
Recommendations for international legislation
Awareness and information streamings worldwide
ycokey project
43. ycokey project
MycoKey App, available in
different languages, will facilitate
mycotoxin risks management for
stakeholders by providing timely,
personalized advices to each field
plot with its respective cropping
factors
FREE
48. Mycokey tools
- Mycokey App
- Drones
- Sensors
- knowledge platform
Mycokey new approach
and data for
Biocontrol
Detoxification
Adsorbents
Biofuel
Use of enxymes
farmersfarmers producersproducers dealersdealers exportexport
labslabs SMEsSMEs industriesindustries
researchersresearchers associations consumersassociations consumers
Involvement of international community for global collaboration
ycokey project
49. EUROPE
CHINA AFRICA
•Research
•Technologies – ICT
•Knowledge
•Regulation
• production
• international trade
• economic interest
• research and knowledge
• “Open pilot field/lab” for problem
solving&alternative management
practices
• climate changes affection
• global contamination exposure
Inform
ation
and
cases
to
be
studied
M
ethodologies
and
tools
Research
&Technology
transfer
Export–
trade
Investments in developing areas
export – risk contamination
Information and data
ycokey project
Afla
minimization
50. attention to
EU-China-Africa interactions
to minimize mycotoxin
exposure in countries with
different eating habits and to
guarantee EU standards in
import products.
International team for proposing a worldwide harmonization of
regulation and limits for mycotoxins
input for a future
Global harmonization onGlobal harmonization on
legislation and policieslegislation and policies
to be
proposed to international organizations (EFSA, FDA, CODEX) and
shared with scientific communities (FAO, WHO, ISM, ASM, LAM, PACA, etc.)
consumer associations, policy makers and legislators
ycokey project
MycokeyMycokey
CartaCarta
51. Thanks for yourThanks for your
attention!attention!
Antonio F. Logrieco
e- mail: antonio.logrieco@ispa.cnr.it
Notes de l'éditeur
EXPAND
Groundnut kernel and maize earhead infected with Aspergillus flavus.
Milk (contaminated with Aflatoxin M1) poured into drain.
The reduction in aflatoxin standard in EU will result in one less death in EU in two years. But cost to African nations is huge. This is a non-tariff trade barrier. This is based on a World Bank study by Otsuki et al (2001).
The Asian study is from Lubulwa (1996)
The fungi that produce mycotoxins can invade the food and feed supply during the all food chain, that means during production, harvesting, storage and distribution-processing.
Impressions of the Akkerweb portal, where you see fields, satellite image of field (biomass parameter NDVI), and dosing maps based on the NDVI and models.