7. There are two bones in the leg
The Fibula
• Lies Laterally
• Is shorter
• Is not a weight-bearing bone
8. There are two bones in the leg
The Tibia
• Lies medially
• Is longer than the fibula
• Is a weight-bearing bone
• Is derived from the Latin word
meaning flute
9. The Fibula and Tibia are held
together by the Interosseous
Membrane
10. The Tibia is a long bone with expanded
proximal and distal ends
with a shaft in between
Proximal
end
Distal end
Shaft
right Tibia, anterior view
11. The Tibia is a long bone and
may be divided into thirds for
descriptive purposes
Proximal end
Distal end
Proximal Third
right Tibia, anterior view
12. Proximal end
(Head of the Fibula)
Distal end
Proximal Third
Middle Third
right Tibia, anterior view
The Tibia is a long bone and
may be divided into thirds for
descriptive purposes
13. Proximal end
(Head of the Fibula)
Distal end
Proximal Third
Middle Third
Distal Third
right Tibia, anterior view
The Tibia is a long bone and
may be divided into thirds for
descriptive purposes
21. The upper surface of the Tibia is
referred to as the Tibial Plateau
Bird’s-Eye View
posterior
anterior
Proximal Tibia right Tibia
22. The upper surface of the Tibia is
referred to as the Tibial Plateau
Bird’s-Eye View
posterior
anterior
Proximal Tibia
Medial half of Tibial Plateau
right Tibia
23. The upper surface of the Tibia is
referred to as the Tibial Plateau
Bird’s-Eye View
posterior
anterior
Proximal Tibia
Lateral half of Tibial Plateau
right Tibia
24. The Tibial Plateau has two articular facets that
articulate with the Condyles of the Femur
Bird’s-Eye View
posterior
anterior
Proximal Tibia right Tibia
Lateral half of Tibial PlateauMedial half of Tibial Plateau
25. Bird’s-Eye View
posterior
anterior
Proximal Tibia
Between the facets is a non-articular area that
features the Intercondylar Eminence also known as
the Tibial Spine
right Tibia
Lateral half of Tibial PlateauMedial half of Tibial Plateau
26. Menisci
2 crescent-shaped intra-capsular fibrocartilaginous structures
situated one on each Tibial Facet
Superior view proximal Tibia
Medial
Meniscus
Lateral
Meniscus
anterior
posterior
right Tibia
27. Menisci
Each meniscus has an anterior and posterior horn that provide
attachments to stabilise the meniscus
Superior view proximal Tibia
Medial
Meniscus
Lateral
Meniscus
Anterior horns
Posterior horns
right Tibia
28. Menisci are wedge-shaped in cross-
section
The menisci widen and deepen the
Tibial articular surface that receives
the Femoral Condyles
29. Between the facets is a non-articular area which
features the Intercondylar Eminence also known as
the Tibial Spine
Posterior View
Proximal Tibia
LateralMedial
right Tibia
30. Anteriorly, below the
Tibial Plateau is a
prominence of bone
The Tibial Tuberosity
Proximal Tibia
Anterior View
right Tibia
31. Proximal Tibia
Below the Tibial Plateau
is a prominence of bone
The Tibial Tuberosity
medial view lateral view
right Tibia
32. The Quadriceps Muscle
converges distally onto the
Patella, which is the largest
sesamoid bone in the body
The Patella then attaches to
the Tibial Tuberosity via the
Patellar Ligament
Tibial
Tuberos
Patell
Ligame
Quadriceps
Muscle
righ
33. Gerdy’s Tubercle is a
faceted prominence on the
anterior surface of the
Lateral Tibial Condyle
Lateral Tibial
Condyle
Gerdy’s
Tubercle
It receives the distal end of
the Iliotibial Tract (band)
Proximal Tibia right Tibia
34. Attaches to
Gerdy’s Tubercle
on the anterior aspect of the
Lateral Tibial Condyle
Iliotibial
Tract
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Gerdy’s Tubercle
Proximally it receives two muscles
• Tensor Fasciae Latae
• Gluteus Maximus
Iliotibial Tract
right side
37. The Tibia has 3 borders and 3 surfaces
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
When a patient lies in the
scanner, the foot usually points
outwards due to the natural
resting position of the body,
and not directly forwards as in
the standing position
This means that when
interpreting scans remember
that the anterior surface rotates
anticlockwise for the right leg
and clockwise for the left leg
38. The Fibula has 3 borders and 3 surfaces
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
Fibula
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
39. The Tibia has 3 borders and 3 surfaces
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
Tibia
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
40. The Tibia has 3 borders and 3 surfaces
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
Tibia
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
41. Anterior
The Tibia has a sharp Anterior Border
Mid-Shaft Tibia cross-section
Posterior
Anterior
Border
lateral view
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
42. The Tibia has a Posterior Border also
referred to as the Medial Border
Mid-Shaft Tibia cross-section
Posterior
Border
medial view
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
Anterior Posterior
45. Mid-Shaft Tibia cross-section
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
Anterior
border
Posterior
border
Lateral
border
46. Mid-Shaft Tibia cross-section
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
Anterior
border
Posterior
border
Lateral
border
Medial Surface
There are no muscle
attachments to this surface
Medial Surface
47. Mid-Shaft Tibia cross-section
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
Anterior
border
Posterior
border
Lateral
border
Lateral Surface
Also known as the
Extensor Surface
48. Cross section through leg approx 10 cm distal to knee joint
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
Extensor
muscles
49. Mid-Shaft Tibia cross-section
MRI of cross-section through right leg
Looking up towards the head
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
Anterior
border
Posterior
border
Lateral
border
Posterior Surface
Also known as the
Flexor Surface
50. Cross section through leg approx 10 cm distal to knee joint
anterior
posterior
medial
lateral
Flexor
muscles
53. The most prominent feature
of the distal Tibia is the
Medial Malleolus
Anterior View
The lateral surface of the
Medial Malleolus is covered in
articular hyaline cartilage and
articulates with the
Talus at the Ankle Joint
Lateral view of
distal right Tibia
54. Lateral surface
The Inferior surface of the Tibia is
smooth, covered in articular hyaline
cartilage and articulates with the Talus
Medial
Malleolus
66. Semimembranosus
Originates from superior lateral
quadrant on the posterior surface
of the Ischial Tuberosity
Inserts onto the posterior
aspect of the
Medial Tibial Condyle
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
lateralmedial
67. Semimembranosus
Originates from superior lateral
quadrant on the posterior surface
of the Ischial Tuberosity
• Extends Hip
• Flexes and rotates Knee
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
lateralmedial
Inserts onto the posterior
aspect of the
Medial Tibial Condyle
68. Proximal right Tibia
Medial View
posterioranterior
Pes Anserinus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
(Meaning Goose’s Foot)
Refers to the partially confluent manner in
which the three tendons insert onto the
medial surface of the proximal Tibia
69. posterioranterior
Pes Anserinus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
A useful mnemonic to
remember the order
from anterior to
posterior is
Say
Grace
before
Tea
(Meaning Goose’s Foot)
Refers to the partially confluent manner in
which the three tendons insert onto the
medial surface of the proximal Tibia
Proximal right Tibia
Medial View
70. posterioranterior
Pes Anserinus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
A useful mnemonic to
remember the order
from anterior to
posterior is
Say - Sartorius
Grace - Gracilis
before
Tea - SemiTendinosus
(Meaning Goose’s Foot)
Refers to the partially confluent manner in
which the three tendons insert onto the
medial surface of the proximal Tibia
Proximal right Tibia
Medial View
72. Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
lateralmedial
Popliteus
Originates from posterior surface of
Tibia superior to soleal line
73. lateralmedial
Popliteus
Originates from posterior surface of
Tibia superior to soleal line
The tendon passes upward
and laterally and courses
through the knee joint before
inserting onto the
Lateral Condyle of the Femur
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
74. lateralmedial
Popliteus
The tendon passes upward
and laterally and courses
through the knee joint before
inserting onto the
Lateral Condyle of the Femur
Unlocks the extended knee by
laterally rotating the
Femur on the Tibia
Originates from posterior surface of
Tibia superior to soleal line
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
75. lateralmedial
Soleus
Originates from
• posterior aspect of Fibular Head
• upper 1/3 of posterior surface of
Fibular shaft
• along the full length of soleal line
• middle 1/3 medial border of Tibial
Shaft
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
76. lateralmedial
Soleus
Unites with gastrocnemius
aponeurosis to form the Achilles
tendon, inserts middle 1/3
posterior calcaneum
Originates from
• posterior aspect of Fibular Head
• upper 1/3 of posterior surface of
Fibular shaft
• along the full length of soleal line
• middle 1/3 medial border of Tibial
Shaft
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
77. lateralmedial
Soleus
Plantarflexes the ankle
Originates from
• posterior aspect of Fibular Head
• upper 1/3 of posterior surface of
Fibular shaft
• along the full length of soleal line
• middle 1/3 medial border of Tibial
Shaft
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
Unites with gastrocnemius
aponeurosis to form the Achilles
tendon, inserts middle 1/3
posterior calcaneum
78. lateralmedial
Tibialis Posterior
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
Originates from
• Posterior aspect interosseous
membrane
• superior half of posterior surface
of tibia distal to soleal line
• medial half of posterior surface of
fibula
79. lateralmedial
Tibialis Posterior
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
Originates from
• Posterior aspect interosseous
membrane
• superior half of posterior surface
of tibia distal to soleal line
• medial half of posterior surface of
fibula
80. lateralmedial
Tibialis Posterior
Originates from
• Posterior aspect interosseous
membrane
• superior half of posterior surface
of tibia distal to soleal line
• medial half of posterior surface of
fibula
Inserts onto tuberosity of the navicular
with extensions to other tarsal bones
and metatarsals 2 - 4
Inverts, adducts, supinates foot
Plantar flexes ankle
Proximal right Tibia
Posterior View
81. anteriorposterior
Tibialis Posterior
Inverts, adducts, supinates foot
Plantar flexes ankle
Proximal right Tibia
Lateral View
Originates from
• Posterior aspect interosseous
membrane
• superior half of posterior surface
of tibia distal to soleal line
• medial half of posterior surface of
fibula
Inserts onto tuberosity of the navicular
with extensions to other tarsal bones
and metatarsals 2 - 4
83. Proximal Tibia
Posterior View
lateralmedial
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Originates from the
posterior surface of Tibia
distal to Soleal Line
Splits into four slips, inserts onto
plantar surface of bases of 2nd -
5th distal phalanges
84. Proximal Tibia
Posterior View
lateralmedial
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Originates from the
posterior surface of Tibia
distal to Popliteal Line
Splits into four slips, inserts on
plantar surface of bases of 2nd -
5th distal phalanges
Flexes toes 2 – 5
Plantarflexes ankle
97. Tensor Fasciae Latae
Origin Anterior superior iliac spine, outer
lip of anterior iliac crest and fascia
lata
Insertion Via the Iliotibial band onto Gerdy’s
tubercle on superior tibia
Action Assist gluteus maximus in
maintaining extended knee,
abducts hip
Nerve Supply Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)
Blood Supply Superior gluteal and lateral
circumflex femoral artery
Anterior Thigh
98. Sartorius
Origin Anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion Superior aspect of the medial
surface of the tibial shaft near the
tibial tuberosity
Action Flexes and laterally rotates the hip
joint and flexes the knee
Nerve Supply Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Blood Supply Femoral artery
Anterior Thigh
99. Gracilis
Origin Inferior ramus of pubis, and
adjacent ramus of ischium
Insertion Medial surface upper tibial shaft,
posterior to sartorius
Action Adducts hip, flexes the knee,
medially rotates tibia on femur
Nerve Supply Anterior division obturator nerve
(L2, L3)
Blood Supply Obturator artery, medial circumflex
femoral artery, profunda femoris
artery
100. Semitendinosus
Origin Superior medial quadrant,
posterior surface ischial tuberosity
Insertion Superior aspect, medial tibial shaft
Action Extends hip, flexes and medially
rotates knee
Nerve Supply Tibial portion sciatic nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply Perforating branches of profunda
femoris artery, inferior gluteal
artery, superior muscular branches
of popliteal artery
Posterior thigh
101. Semimembranosus
Origin Superior lateral quadrant of
posterior surface ischial
tuberosity
Insertion Posterior surface of the medial
tibial condyle
Action Extends hip, flexes and medially
rotates the knee
Nerve Supply Tibial portion of sciatic nerve
(L5, S1)
Blood Supply Perforating branches of profunda
femoris artery, inferior gluteal
artery, and the superior muscular
branches of popliteal artery
Posterior thigh
102. Popliteus
Origin Posterior surface of tibia, superior
to soleal line
Insertion Lateral surface of lateral condyle
of femur.
The tendon passes into the
capsule of the knee to the
posterior part of the lateral
meniscus
Action Unlocks the extended knee by
laterally rotating the femur on the
tibia.
Nerve Supply Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)
Blood Supply Medial inferior genicular branch
of popliteal artery muscular,
posterior tibial artery
Posterior Leg
103. Soleus
Origin Posterior aspect of fibular head,
posterior surface of upper fibular
shaft, soleal line on posterior tibia
and medial border of tibia
Insertion unites with gastrocnemius
aponeurosis to form the Achilles
tendon, inserts onto posterior
and upper surfaces of calcaneum
Action Plantar flexor of ankle
Nerve Supply Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
Blood Supply Posterior tibial, peroneal, and
sural arteries
Posterior Leg
104. Tibialis Posterior
Origin Posterior aspect interosseous
membrane, superior half of tibia
and medial posterior surface of
fibula
Insertion Inserts onto navicular tuberosity
and sends extensions to other
tarsal bones and metatarsals
Action Inverts, adducts, supinates foot,
plantar flexes ankle
Nerve Supply Tibial nerve (L4, L5)
Blood Supply sural, peroneal and posterior
tibial arteries
Posterior Leg
105. Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin Posterior surface of tibia distal to
soleal line
Insertion Splits into four slips, inserts on
plantar surface of bases of 2nd -
5th distal phalanges
Action Flexes toes 2 – 5
Plantarflexes ankle
Nerve Supply Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
Blood Supply Muscular branch of posterior
tibial artery
Posterior Leg
106. Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin Inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of
fibula, lower part of interosseous
membrane
Insertion Plantar surface of base of distal
phalanx of great toe
Action Flexes great toe, weak ankle
plantar flexor
Nerve Supply Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply Muscular branches of peroneal
and posterior tibial artery
Posterior Leg
107. Tibialis Anterior
Origin Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal
2/3rds lateral surface tibia,
interosseous membrane
Insertion Medial and plantar surfaces of
medial cuneiform and base of
first metatarsal
Action Dorsiflexor of ankle, invertor of
foot
Nerve Supply Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5)
Blood Supply Anterior tibial artery
Anterior Leg