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Intro to Biology Notes
Ten Unifying Themes of Biology
1. Biological Systems – cell, tissue,
organ, organ system, organism,
population, community, ecosystem,
biosphere
Cells Tissue
Cells
working
together
Organ
Tissues
working
together
Organ
System
Organs
working
together
Organism
A living
thing
2. The Cellular Basis of Life – the
cell is the smallest unit of life
3. Form and Function – the shape of things
help that organism to do what it does
(Example: the anteater’s long snout enables it
to squeeze in tight places to get food)
4. Reproduction and Inheritance – you
inherit similarities from your parents
(Example: if nothing else your parents are
human and so are you!)
5. Interaction with the Environment – every
organism gives off stuff to the environment and
every organism takes stuff from the environment
(Example: you give off heat and take in food)
6. Energy and Life – Every organism
needs energy to live.
What happens when an
organism runs out of energy?
7. Regulation and Homeostasis – Even
though our surroundings are constantly
changing our internal environment stays
the same. (Example: Body temperature)
8. Adaptation and Evolution –
Adaptation is an inherited trait that helps
the organism’s ability to survive and
reproduce. Evolution is just a change over
time.
9. Biology and Society – Cloning, Stem cell
research, environmental issues, hunting,
medicine, genetically modified crops
10. Scientific Inquiry – Asking questions,
using observations or experiments to find
possible answers
Observe
Question
Hypothesis
Predict
Test
Conclude
Calculating Magnification
To calculate the total magnification of a
microscope you multiply the magnification of the
eyepiece by the magnification of the objective.
Example: If a microscope has an eyepiece
magnification of 20x and an objective
magnification of 50x the total magnification of
that microscope is 1000x.
If a microscope has an eyepiece magnification of
10x and an objective magnification of 25x the total
magnification of that microscope is __________.
250x
Microscope Movement
When you move a slide on a microscope
to the left, the specimen appears to
move toward the right when viewed
under the microscope.
If you move the specimen up it will
appear to move down under the
microscope.
All movements under the microscope
are opposite.
Why does the opposite movement
happen?
Microscope Field of View
When you switch from low power to high power a
couple of things happen.
1. Your object will be more magnified
2. Your object will need to be focused (use the
fine adjustment knob only!)
3. Your field of view will be smaller
Low Power High Power
Stage
Supports/holds slides
High Power
Objective
Lens with greatest
magnification
Low Power
Objective
Lens with lowest
magnification
Medium Power
Objective
Lens with medium
Eyepiece
Where you should
look through the lens
Light Source
Provides light
Diaphragm
Controls the amount
of light on slide
Coarse Adjustment
Brings object into
focus
Fine Adjustment
Fines tunes object
once it is focused
Eyepiece
Light Source
Diaphragm
Stage
Objectives- the
shortest objective
is low power
Body Tube
Arm
Fine Adjustment
Coarse
Adjustment
Nosepiece
Base

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Intro to Biology Notes

  • 2. Ten Unifying Themes of Biology 1. Biological Systems – cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere Cells Tissue Cells working together Organ Tissues working together Organ System Organs working together Organism A living thing
  • 3. 2. The Cellular Basis of Life – the cell is the smallest unit of life
  • 4. 3. Form and Function – the shape of things help that organism to do what it does (Example: the anteater’s long snout enables it to squeeze in tight places to get food)
  • 5. 4. Reproduction and Inheritance – you inherit similarities from your parents (Example: if nothing else your parents are human and so are you!)
  • 6. 5. Interaction with the Environment – every organism gives off stuff to the environment and every organism takes stuff from the environment (Example: you give off heat and take in food)
  • 7. 6. Energy and Life – Every organism needs energy to live. What happens when an organism runs out of energy?
  • 8. 7. Regulation and Homeostasis – Even though our surroundings are constantly changing our internal environment stays the same. (Example: Body temperature)
  • 9. 8. Adaptation and Evolution – Adaptation is an inherited trait that helps the organism’s ability to survive and reproduce. Evolution is just a change over time.
  • 10. 9. Biology and Society – Cloning, Stem cell research, environmental issues, hunting, medicine, genetically modified crops
  • 11. 10. Scientific Inquiry – Asking questions, using observations or experiments to find possible answers Observe Question Hypothesis Predict Test Conclude
  • 12. Calculating Magnification To calculate the total magnification of a microscope you multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by the magnification of the objective. Example: If a microscope has an eyepiece magnification of 20x and an objective magnification of 50x the total magnification of that microscope is 1000x. If a microscope has an eyepiece magnification of 10x and an objective magnification of 25x the total magnification of that microscope is __________. 250x
  • 13. Microscope Movement When you move a slide on a microscope to the left, the specimen appears to move toward the right when viewed under the microscope. If you move the specimen up it will appear to move down under the microscope. All movements under the microscope are opposite. Why does the opposite movement happen?
  • 14. Microscope Field of View When you switch from low power to high power a couple of things happen. 1. Your object will be more magnified 2. Your object will need to be focused (use the fine adjustment knob only!) 3. Your field of view will be smaller Low Power High Power
  • 15. Stage Supports/holds slides High Power Objective Lens with greatest magnification Low Power Objective Lens with lowest magnification Medium Power Objective Lens with medium Eyepiece Where you should look through the lens Light Source Provides light Diaphragm Controls the amount of light on slide Coarse Adjustment Brings object into focus Fine Adjustment Fines tunes object once it is focused
  • 16. Eyepiece Light Source Diaphragm Stage Objectives- the shortest objective is low power Body Tube Arm Fine Adjustment Coarse Adjustment Nosepiece Base