2. MEANING OF COMMUNICATION
The term ‘communication’ is derived from
the Latin word ‘communis’ which means
common.
Communication stands for sharing of
ideas in common.
Communication of ideas establishes a
common ground for understanding
3. DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION
• Communication is the process of
passing information & understanding
THEO from one person to another.
• It is the process of imparting ideas &
HAIMANN making oneself understood by others.
AMERICAN
• Communication is any behaviour that
MARKETING results in an exchange of meaning.
ASSOCIATION
4. THREE ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
Subject Matter
( Order( Sender Element of
Information, Id &Receiver ) Understanding
eas & feeling)
5. OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION
INFORMATION EDUCATION
ADVICE WARNING
ORDER RAISING MORALE
SUGGESTION MOTIVATION
PERSUASION
6. IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
PROPER BETTER
PLANNING ADMINISTRATION
BETTER MUTUAL TRUST &
COORDINATION CONFIDENCE
8. Smooth Business
Functioning & Maximum Productivity
Establishing Better with minimum cost
labour Relations
Imp. Of
Buss.Comm.
Need for Competitive Improving Business
Information & System & Moulding
Democratic Functioning Attitudes
10. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
LINEAR MODEL
• Aristotle’s Model, Mathematical
Model, David Berlo’s & Harold’s Model
INTERPERSONAL MODEL
• Two-way Communication or
Interactional Model
12. ARISTOTLE MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
He developed the first communication
model.
It was easy, simple & elementary model of
the communication.
SPEAKER
As per him, there are 3 mainAUDIENCE in
SPEECH ingredients
any communication event :--
13. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
It was developed by C.E. Shannon & W. Weaver in
1949.
They considered the theory as strictly
mathematical & identified the technical aspects of
communication.
According to them, there are 5 basic elements in any
communication :--
Information
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Destination
14. DAVID K. BERLO’s MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
His theory is one of the basic theories for all
communication theorists. The following nine components
are included in his model :-
Source
Encoder
Message
Channel
Receiver
Decoder
Meaning
Feedback
Noise
15. HAROLD’s MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
It gives rise to five basic & important
questions :--
WHY? WHAT?
HOW? WHO?
WHEN?
16. INTERPERSONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
Also known as “circular” or “cyclical” model. It introduces the
element of feedback which was absent in the linear models.
Following are the elements under the interpersonal model :--
Message or Idea
Sender or transmitter or communicator
Encoding
Channel
Medium
Receiver
Decoding
Action or behaviour change
Feedback
17. COMMUNICATION PROCESS MODEL
ENCODING CHANNEL DECODING
IDEA
IDEA RECEIVED
MESSAGE ( Receiver
( Sender ) MESSAGE
)
FEEDBACK
19. CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
A channel of communication is the path
through which information is transmitted
throughout the organization.
Channels of communication are divided into
FORMAL
two types :---
INFORMAL
20. FORMAL COMMUNICATION
It refers to official communication which takes place
following the chain of command.
Formal channels include the paths of communication which
are institutionally determined by the organization
Formal communication usually takes the form of written
communication such as notes, memos, letters, reports &
statements.
Formal communication are of 4 types :-
DOWNWARD
UPWARD
HORIZONTAL
DIAGONAL
21. Formal Communication
President
Instructions and directives
Information
Vice Vice
President President
Manager Manager Manager Manager
Efforts at coordination
23. OBJECTIVES OF DOWNWARD
COMMUNICATION
POLICIES & JOB
FEEDBACK
PROCEDURES INSTRUCTIONS
JOB MOTIVATION &
RATIONALE TRAINING
24. UPWARD COMMUNICATION
MANAGING
UPWARD DIRECTOR
DEPTT. HEADS
OPERATIVE
EMPLOYEES
25. MODES OF UPWARD COMMUNICATION
SUGGESTIONS
QUESTIONNAIRES GRIEVANCES
OPEN DOOR
OMBUDSPERSON
POLICY
26. DOWNWARD v/s UPWARD
COMMUNICATION
DOWNWARD
COMMUNICATION UPWARD COMMUNICATION
Represents flow of Represents flow from
information from top level lower level to top level
to lower levels.
Its purpose is to Its purpose is to keep the
communicate policies, superiors informed about
procedures & orders to the the progress of work.
subordinates.
It takes the form of written
It takes the form of activity
& oral instructions, letters,
reports, suggestions etc.
co’s publications etc.
27. HORIZONTAL OR LATERAL
COMMUNICATION
It refers to the transmission of information
among persons of the same level & status.
It generally takes place among dept. heads for
achieving coordination in the enterprise.
Objectives of lateral communication are :--
COORDINATION
SOLVING PROBLEMS
RESOLVING CONFLICT
EXCHANGING INFORMATION
PROMOTING SOCIAL RELATIONS
28. HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION
M.D.
Divisional Divisional
Manager Manager
( Steel ) ( Cement )
Production Marketing
Finance Head
Head Head
29. DIAGONAL COMMUNICATION
It takes place b/w people who work in different
departments & at different levels within an
organization.
It involves committees, teams or task forces
that are created to solve problems or complete
special projects
30. PROS & CONS OF FORMAL
COMMUNICATION
Communication is It is a slow moving
systematic . process
Source of
communication can be Personal warmth &
easily located. involvement may be
Facilitate control lacking
Easy fixation of Accurate information
responsibilities. may not be
transmitted.
31. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
Communication b/w individuals & groups
which are not officially recognized is known
as informal communication.
It consists of exchange of ideas & information
resulting from social interaction among
members of an organization.
Also known as Grapevine Communication.
33. CHARACTERSITICS OF GRAPEVINE
Transmits It is unrestricted by
information laterally formal policies &
& diagonally procedures.
GRAPEVINE
It extends beyond the
It is selective
formal hierarchy.
34. TYPES OF GRAPEVINE NETWORKS
SINGLE STRAND CHAIN ( Communication
through intervening persons in a strand )
GOSSIP CHAIN ( One person non-selectively
communicates with everyone. )
PROBABILITY ( Random communication
with others as per the probability law. )
CLUSTER CHAIN ( Selective communication
with those trusted ones )
35. DIFFERENCE b/w FORMAL *
INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
FORMAL COMMUNICATION INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
It follows the official chain It is independent of the
of command. authority relations in the
organization.
Carries messages at a fast
Slow moving process speed.
Easy to pinpoint the May not be easy to fix
responsibility. responsibility.
It is orderly & systematic. It is unsystematic & erratic.
Serves org. needs Serves both org. & social
needs.
38. Types of Barriers
Physical Noise
Technical Noise
Psychological Noise
Poor Timing
Perceptual Bias
Lack of Interest
Psychological Bias
Information Overload
39. Physical Noise
Physical noise occurs when
the sender and receiver try to
communicate in a situation
that is noisy
For example, the bus stop.
The noise produced by the
passing buses create what is
known as ‘physical noise’.
40. Technical Noise
Technical noise occurs when the
sender and the receiver use a
tool to communicate for
example, a phone.
When 2 people are
communicating using the
phone, and one person steps
into an elevator, the signal will
be lost and the communication
will fail. The break down with
the tool used to communicate is
known as ‘technical noise’.
41.
Psychological Noise
Psychological noise occurs when the
receiver of the message is thinking of
something and not concentrating on
the message itself, for example,
having class in a park.
While this may sound like a nice and
comfortable situation to be in the
message may be lost if the receiver of
the message is thinking about if the
grass is wet or if there are any harmful
bees around.
As the receiver loses concentration on
what is being transmitted by the
sender, so we have ‘psychological
noise’.
42. Poor Timing
Poor timing usually happens
when the sender is not aware
of the mood of the receiver
when sending the message.
For example, approaching
your employer for a raise when
he/she has just made an
announcement that the
company is almost bankrupt.
43. Perceptual Bias
Perceptual bias occurs when the sender is not aware
of the rules of first impression.
For example, when you attend an interview there is
an appropriate dress code.
Failure to follow that dress code may result in you
being prejudiced against. If you go for an interview
for an accounting position dressed in jeans and a t-
shirt, don’t be surprised if you don’t get the job.
44. Lack of Interest
Sometimes, there are some
things that we are just not
interested in. Of all the subjects
that students learn to complete
their degree, they cannot love all.
There will be the ONE or TWO
subject that we have to suffer to
stay awake for. A lack of interest
in what someone has to say will
definitely lead to a breakdown in
communication.
45. Psychological Bias
Ever heard of prejudices?
Someone doesn’t like you
because you are
male/female,old/young, ric
h/poor.
There are biases. A bias is
something that the sender
cannot fix. There is no
solution to this problem.
Just be prepared.
46. Information Overload
Information overload occurs
when you try to absorb too
much information over a short
period of time.
If you try to study continuously
for hours without a break, or
introduce too many new
concepts to your learning in
one period of time, your mind
will become confused and this
can lead to a break down in
communication.
47. 7 Cs of Effective
Communication
CLARITY COMPLETENESS
CREDIBILITY CHANNEL
CONTENT CAPABILITY
CONTEXT
48. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
SPEEDY ECONOMY
TRANSMISSION
CLARITY OF SECRECY
MESSAGE
CREATION OF
SAFETY
IMPRESSION
CREATION OF
FEEDBACK TWO-WAY TRAFFIC
ACCURACY