Pressure is force per unit area measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or pascals (Pa). Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the individual gas partial pressures. Boyle's law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature. Charles' law states that the volume of a gas increases or decreases proportionally with an increase or decrease in temperature when pressure remains constant.

1. Pressure Pressure is force per unit area In the English system, pounds per square inch or psi Atmospheric pressure is about 14.7 psi Pressure = Force Area 1 atm = 14.7 psi 1 atm = 760 mmHg The mmHg is also called the Torr after Torricelli, inventor of the barometer SI unit of measurement, the pascal (Pa) 1 Pa is the pressure exerted by a 0.1 mm high film of water on the surface beneath it The bar = 105 Pa 1.013 bar = 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 14.7 psi = 100 kPa

2. Gas Pressure Measurement The barometer measures pressure in terms of the height of a column on liquid mercury The atmosphere exerts a force on a pool of mercury, causing it to rise One standard atmosphere of pressure is a column of mercury 760 mm high Mercury is used to keep the column a manageable height

3. Gas Pressure Measurement cont. The manometer measures gas pressure by differential The height of the column of liquid is proportional to the pressure Gas pressure can be more or less than atmospheric pressure

4. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that the sum of the partial pressures of gases sum to the total pressure of the gases when combined. Ptot = P1 + P2 + P3 + …

5. Boyles’s Law The product of the pressure and volume for a trapped sample of gas = a constant (k) PV = k P1V1= P2V2 for analysis of a system before and after

6. Sample Boyle’s Law problem A quantity of gas under a pressure of 106.6 kPa has a volume of 380 dm3. What is the volume of the gas at 103.3 kPa, if the temperature is held constant? P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 (106.6 kPa) x (380 dm3) = (103.3 kPa) x (V2) V2 = 400 dm3

7. Absolute Zero and the Kelvin Scale Absolute Zero is the temperature where all motion stops (-273C) For gases, the SI unit uses the Kelvin (K) scale. Kelvins = (273 + C)

8. Charles’ Law The volume of each gas is directly proportional to temperature V = bT B = a constant V1/T1 = V2/T2 Temperature is in Kelvins (273 + C)

9. Charles’ Law Calculation At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is increased from 150 dm3 to 300 dm3 by heating it. If the original temperature of the gas was 20 oC, what will its final temperature be (oC)? T1 = 20 oC + 273 = 293 K T2 = X K V1 = 150 dm3 V2 = 300 dm3

10. Avogadro’s Law Volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas V = an V1/n1 = V2/n2

11. The Combined Gas Law

12. Sample Problem A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a pressure of 0.800 atm and a temperature of 29°C. What is the new temperature(°C) of the gas at a volume of 90.0 mL and a pressure of 3.20 atm?