Factors influencing contraceptive use among urban men in nigeria

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FACTORS INFLUENCING CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG URBAN
MEN IN NIGERIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
List of Tables vi
Table of Content vii
Abstract x
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background to the study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 5
1.3 Research Questions 6
1.4 Objectives of the study 7
1.5 Significance of the Study 7
1.6 Operational Definition of Terms 10
Chapter Two- Review of Literatures
2.0 Literature Review 11
2.0.1 The problem of high fertility and rapid population growth 17
2.0.2 The problem of HIV/AIDS 18
2.0.3 Problem of unintended pregnancy and induced abortion 20
2.1 Theoretical Framework 21
2.2 Conceptual Framework 23
2.3 Hypotheses 25

Chapter Three -Methodology
3.0 Study Area 26
3.1 Target Population and Sample size 28
3.2 Data Source 28
3.3 Research Design 29
3.4 Data Processing 30
3.5 Variable Description and Measurement 31
3.6 Limitations of the Study 32
Chapter Four - Data Presentation and Analysis of Research Findings
4.0 Introduction 33
4.1 Selected Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 33
4.1 Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Demographic and
Socio-Economic Characteristics 36
4.2 Bivariate Analysis 37
4.2 Percentage Distribution of selected Socio-Economic Characteristics and Use of
Contraceptive Methods 40
4.3 Test of Hypothesis 42
4.4 Multivariate Analysis 44
4.4 Logistic Regression Model predicting Contraceptive Utilization among Urban
men in Nigeria 46
Chapter Five- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Summary 47
5.2 Conclusion 48
5.3 Recommendations 49
References 50

ABSTRACT
Contraceptive use all over the world has attracted attentions. This is not unconnected
with rapid increase in population which is militating against socio-economic
development and reproductive health issues. Involvement of men in contraceptive use
may bring about increase in its usage. Many studies have being carried out on the
contraceptive use of women while fewer studies are available on its usage by men. This
study therefore focuses on factors influencing contraceptive use among urban men in
Nigeria. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses are carried out. The study
involves men ages 15-49 with a total sample size of 4,948. Substantial proportion of
them (97.44%) knows about contraceptive methods but only 23.38% of them are
currently using contraceptives. Factors influencing contraceptive use are age, religion,
level of education, marital status, wealth index, ethnicity, employment status and
number of living children. These factors should be considered when designing
intervention programmes and policies to enhance the use of contraceptives among men
in urban areas of Nigeria.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Reproductive health program and services are usually directed towards women’s
reproductive health and offered their services exclusively to women, especially issues
with family planning, maternal care all through the pregnancy period, prevention of
unwanted pregnancy, risky abortion and the improvement of safe motherhood.
However, the part of men in reproductive health and family planning has been
disregarded by the family planning programs and most contraceptive methods are
designed for women only.
Reproductive health of couples largely depends on the attitude of men; i.e. husband,
towards family planning program and their knowledge on contraceptive methods. The
family planning program in Bangladesh could not be used properly because of all kinds
of activities and policies are being concentrated mainly on women. Most of the family
planning field service delivery system is female based and field workers are also
females.
Recently, there is growing evidence that male plays fundamental role to avoid risky
sexual behaviors and influences the couple’s contraceptive decision making process.
Men can play important roles by giving support during the pregnancy period to women.
The declaration of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)
can be considered as a major step to raise the male’s responsibility about reproductive
health and family planning. The ICPD held in Cairo 1994 emphasised men’s
involvement. “Special efforts should be made to emphasize men's shared responsibility
and promote their active involvement in responsible parenthood, sexual and
reproductive behavior, including family planning; prenatal, maternal and
child health; prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV; prevention of
unwanted and high-risk pregnancies; shared control and contribution to family income,
children's education, health and nutrition; and recognition and promotion of the equal

value of children of both sexes. Male responsibilities in family life must be included in
the education of children from the earliest ages”.
The World Health Organization (WHO) gives a clear outline of the reproductive health;
it declared that reproductive health means a state of total physical, psychological and
social wellbeing, and just not the absence of disease or illness (UNFA, 1995).
Reproductive health includes reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages
of life (UNFA,1995). This organization considers all aspects of reproductive life such as
people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sexual life and that they have
the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so
(UNFA, 1995). They emphasis that men and women have equal right to get information
about reproductive health and access to safe and satisfactory methods of fertility
control and the ability to access to appropriate health care services (UNFA, 1995).
It is clear that male’s involvement in family planning and reproductive health may
improve equality in gender relation, promoting better relationship between men and
women through which they can take decision regarding family planning jointly and
equal responsibility of sexual behavior (Hossain, 2003).
Studies tried to explore reasons for low participation of men in family planning activities
as well as unwillingness to use contraception. Those studies provided information
relevant for policy making. However, more information is needed on men and
contraceptive for informed decision making. This study therefore investigates the
factors or determinants of male involvement in family planning and reproductive health
systems. It is designed to identify the factors influencing contraceptive use among
urban men in Nigeria.
The issue of contraceptive use all over the World has attracted attentions due to its
importance in decision making about population growth and development issues. In this
wise, Geographers have become increasingly alarmed by the precipitous rise and its

effects on population growth, not only in Nigeria or the United States of America, but
throughout the World.
Family planning means a well-planned family with limited members whose maintenance
is possible with available resources and tools and thus builds a healthy and well to do
unit. A well planned family is the base for planned development and richness of the
society and of the country. It can also be stated that the family planning is the key
point for a planned development.
“Family planning was accepted as the best way to control the rapidly and massively
growing population by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health and
welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of
a country.
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with more than 177 million people;it also
has a high annual rate of population growth 2.47% and a total fertility rate of 5.25,
lifetime births per woman. Additionally, the country has relatively high levels of infant
mortality (74.09 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, and maternal mortality; 630
maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. 2010est, CIA World Fact book-August 23,
2014). In response to these and other serious demographic and health issues, the
Nigerian government put into effect a national population policy in 1989 that called for
a reduction in the birth rate through voluntary fertility regulation methods compatible
with the nation’s economic and social goals. During 1992–1993, an information,
education and communications campaign was launched to change Nigerians’ attitudes
toward family planning, and to thereby increase their contraceptive use. The
campaign was based on evidence that family planning messages relayed through the
mass media can influence contraceptive behavior.
The role of men in fertility and family planning in sub-Saharan Africa is becoming
increasingly important in the context of raising population growth most especially in
developing countries. Fertility studies in the recent past, however, have been dominated

by findings almost exclusively for women (Mbizvo and Basset, 1995; Bankole, 1995;
Ottenbarg, 1995; Danforth and Jezowski, 1994; Raimi, 1994; Orubuloye, 1993;
Adamchak and Adebayo, 1987).
Regrettably, policies and programs based on such findings have not had expected
success in increasing contraceptive prevalence and simultaneously reducing overall
fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. It is widely acknowledged that men in developing
countries make most of the decisions regarding family formation. Most studies carried
out in Nigeria and other African countries (Lasee and Becker, 1997; Donovan, 1995;
Isiugo-Abanihe, 1994; Roudi & Asford, 1994; Mbizvo & Adam chalk, 1991; Oni &
MacCarthy, 1991) have all asserted the domineering position of men on reproductive
health matters. According to the results of these studies, men are dominant decision
makers within the family. They also gain socially and economically from having large
numbers of children, and that men reproductive preferences and motivation influence
their wives reproductive outcome. Despite women’s increasing influence on household
decision making, their preferences regarding contraceptive choices and family size may
not translate into practice unless they conform to their husbands’ wish. Studies
conducted in Africa and Latin America have shown that more than a quarter of men
who want to limit or postpone their wives’ childbearing do not use any method to
prevent unwanted pregnancy. Male involvement in family planning should be viewed in
terms of not only the share of male method use, but also men’s attitudes regarding
method choices and family size preferences. A better understanding of male
involvement requires a systematic analysis of men’s attitudes toward spacing and
limiting behavior. This study examined contraceptive use among urban men and the
social-demographic factors that influence contraceptive use among urban men in
Nigeria.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
An explicit component of the on-going Structural Adjustment Programme of the
Nigerian government is concerned with the adverse consequences of high fertility and
rapid population growth; the government is now convinced that high fertility and rapid
population growth are barriers to economic development and its efforts to improve the
standard of living of its citizens. A major component of the National Population Policy is
to reduce the total fertility rate to four by the year 2000,this was not achieved. One
important means of achieving this is by widespread and effective contraceptive use.
The low contraceptive prevalence rate is a problem common to both urban and rural
areas of the country. (UNFPA, 2000); All socio-economic groups whether high or low
have almost equal low rates of contraceptive use, yet the conditions under which
Nigerian men will accept family planning and reduce their desire for large number of
children have not been fully determined. Only few studies have been done in the past
and these have not been conclusive.
Although the National family planning program is relative new, it may not be strong
enough to motivate new acceptors. It is therefore very timely to conduct studies into
factors influencing contraceptive use in Nigeria as the full and proper understanding of
these factors will be very crucial to the successful implementation of the national family
planning programs which aim at improving contraceptive use.
While these factors are not fully known, the low contraceptive prevalence rate has been
blamed partly on the strong desire for large family size largely due to cultural demand
(Federal Office of Statistics, 1992).It has also been suggested that strong, well-
managed family planning programs are highly effective and could achieve smaller family
size in a wide variety of sociocultural and economic setting (Sadik, 1991).
Contraceptive prevalence is lower in Nigeria than in most countries in sub-Saharan
Africa with a high level of unmet need for contraception in spite of the high rate of
sexual activity and contraceptive knowledge, this low contraceptive use has contributed

to high rate of unintended pregnancy in the region. Unintended pregnancies are more
likely than intended pregnancies to end in negative health outcomes, including low birth
weight, infant and child mortality, and maternal morbidity and mortality.
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