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Journalism in the Age of Data
Telling Stories with Visualization and Infographics
Geoff McGhee
Malofiej 19 Infographics Summit
March 25, 2011
10 Years in Infographics and Multimedia
10 Years in Infographics and Multimedia
Study Year at Stanford




                         2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship
                                   knight.stanford.edu
Study Year at Stanford




                         2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship
                                   knight.stanford.edu
Study Year at Stanford



           Back to School

           •   Databases and database management
           •   Web application development
           •   Visualization theory and techniques
           •   Geographic information systems
           •   Statistics




                                 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship
                                           knight.stanford.edu
Study Year at Stanford



           Back to School

           •   Databases and database management
           •   Web application development
           •   Visualization theory and techniques
           •   Geographic information systems
           •   Statistics
           •   Business school classes, wine tasting,
               tennis, piano



                                  2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship
                                            knight.stanford.edu
Study Year at Stanford


           Knight Fellowship:
           New Focus on Journalism Innovation
           • Propose project that leads to a
             “tangible result”




                                 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship
                                           knight.stanford.edu
Study Year at Stanford


           Knight Fellowship:
           New Focus on Journalism Innovation
           • Propose project that leads to a
             “tangible result”
           • Templates for infographics, data maps?




                                 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship
                                           knight.stanford.edu
Study Year at Stanford


           Knight Fellowship:
           New Focus on Journalism Innovation
           • Propose project that leads to a
             “tangible result”
           • Templates for infographics, data maps?
             Hard to develop alone, support long term, Flash in decline




                                           2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship
                                                      knight.stanford.edu
Study Year at Stanford


           Knight Fellowship:
           New Focus on Journalism Innovation
           • Propose project that leads to a
             “tangible result”
           • Templates for infographics, data maps?
             Hard to develop alone, support long term, Flash in decline

           • Guide to visualization techniques?




                                           2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship
                                                      knight.stanford.edu
Study Year at Stanford


           Knight Fellowship:
           New Focus on Journalism Innovation
           • Propose project that leads to a
             “tangible result”
           • Templates for infographics, data maps?
             Hard to develop alone, support long term, Flash in decline

           • Guide to visualization techniques?
             Boring, who will read it?




                                           2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship
                                                      knight.stanford.edu
Interviews About Data Visualization




                                      20-odd people in journalism,
                                       academia, research and art
Video Documentary




             datajournalism.stanford.edu
Video Documentary
Video Documentary
Video Documentary
Video Documentary
Other Formats
Other Formats
First Chapter
Main Points
Excitement




             “I think that there’s a sense that
             data is something more like a
             medium, something that can be used
             to tell stories, and to do all of the things
             that a medium can do, to delight and
             inspire...”
But...
Communication Medium?
How are journalists using data vis?
New Players




              “Amanda studied stats in college and
              she's brought both a little bit more of a
              focus on data to the department and also
              just sort of an amazing ability to
              process data.”
Re-tooling




             “We have some open positions right now,
             and I would love for those positions to be
             geared towards somebody that had that
             skill set: ‘Here’s what the data is and
             the story is, here’s how we’d want to
             shape the story based on this data.’”
Re-tooling




             “We've changed the focus of our team
             to concentrate more on database
             journalism.”
Skepticism




             “You can do beautiful things with
             computers and lots of data that look
             very, very nice, and are almost
             completely incomprehensible.”
Data Story
Formats




             “We are very interested in how
             visualizations are being taken up in mass
             media, particularly in journalism, so we
             simply collected as many examples of
             that as we could.”
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Fig. 7. Design space analysis of narrative visualization. Columns indicate recurring design elements and selected regions highlight patterns in the data. Region (1) shows clusters of ordering
strategies that correspond to distinct genres of visual narration. Region (2) highlights the consistency of interactive designs used by visualizations. Region (3) shows the under-utilization of strategies                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Segal and Heer, 2010
to engage the user in the interactive functionality. Region (4) shows the under-utilization of common storytelling techniques across narrative visualizations.
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Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics
Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics

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Journalism in the Age of Data: Telling Stories with Vis and Infographics

  • 1. Journalism in the Age of Data Telling Stories with Visualization and Infographics Geoff McGhee Malofiej 19 Infographics Summit March 25, 2011
  • 2. 10 Years in Infographics and Multimedia
  • 3. 10 Years in Infographics and Multimedia
  • 4. Study Year at Stanford 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship knight.stanford.edu
  • 5. Study Year at Stanford 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship knight.stanford.edu
  • 6. Study Year at Stanford Back to School • Databases and database management • Web application development • Visualization theory and techniques • Geographic information systems • Statistics 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship knight.stanford.edu
  • 7. Study Year at Stanford Back to School • Databases and database management • Web application development • Visualization theory and techniques • Geographic information systems • Statistics • Business school classes, wine tasting, tennis, piano 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship knight.stanford.edu
  • 8. Study Year at Stanford Knight Fellowship: New Focus on Journalism Innovation • Propose project that leads to a “tangible result” 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship knight.stanford.edu
  • 9. Study Year at Stanford Knight Fellowship: New Focus on Journalism Innovation • Propose project that leads to a “tangible result” • Templates for infographics, data maps? 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship knight.stanford.edu
  • 10. Study Year at Stanford Knight Fellowship: New Focus on Journalism Innovation • Propose project that leads to a “tangible result” • Templates for infographics, data maps? Hard to develop alone, support long term, Flash in decline 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship knight.stanford.edu
  • 11. Study Year at Stanford Knight Fellowship: New Focus on Journalism Innovation • Propose project that leads to a “tangible result” • Templates for infographics, data maps? Hard to develop alone, support long term, Flash in decline • Guide to visualization techniques? 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship knight.stanford.edu
  • 12. Study Year at Stanford Knight Fellowship: New Focus on Journalism Innovation • Propose project that leads to a “tangible result” • Templates for infographics, data maps? Hard to develop alone, support long term, Flash in decline • Guide to visualization techniques? Boring, who will read it? 2009-2010 Knight Journalism Fellowship knight.stanford.edu
  • 13. Interviews About Data Visualization 20-odd people in journalism, academia, research and art
  • 14. Video Documentary datajournalism.stanford.edu
  • 23.
  • 24. Excitement “I think that there’s a sense that data is something more like a medium, something that can be used to tell stories, and to do all of the things that a medium can do, to delight and inspire...”
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 30.
  • 31. How are journalists using data vis?
  • 32.
  • 33. New Players “Amanda studied stats in college and she's brought both a little bit more of a focus on data to the department and also just sort of an amazing ability to process data.”
  • 34.
  • 35. Re-tooling “We have some open positions right now, and I would love for those positions to be geared towards somebody that had that skill set: ‘Here’s what the data is and the story is, here’s how we’d want to shape the story based on this data.’”
  • 36. Re-tooling “We've changed the focus of our team to concentrate more on database journalism.”
  • 37.
  • 38. Skepticism “You can do beautiful things with computers and lots of data that look very, very nice, and are almost completely incomprehensible.”
  • 39.
  • 40. Data Story Formats “We are very interested in how visualizations are being taken up in mass media, particularly in journalism, so we simply collected as many examples of that as we could.”
  • 41. !"#$" %&'()*.8)$$),&6" 8)$$),&6".2,$(0,($" Analysis of %&'()*.2,$(0,($&#4 <&4=*&4=,&#4 ;$)#'&,&-#.!(&:)#0" 9$:"$&#4 5#,"$)0,&6&,7 3"'')4&#4 =6*">,%63%&#()3.*(4()2,"63();1''& 7":%,%"1(I>J';*6(K>?*(6*%,,(;?*6L C93';D,%6*C(51.#1'666(B1";D'1 7%,*'1%&#(4()',';*%.&(4()'"1;3 O.P'1(O%#3,%#3*%&#(4(G'*"%,6 Vis in Media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`_(M'";*%.&(@1.:("1.?&/(*3'(F] 0?"1/%"& E V E E E E E E V E E E V E E E E V E E E E E E V E V V E V E E E V V E V E E E 7.1:?,"(I&'(^_`_(G1%P'1Z6(M"&D%&#6 0?"1/%"& E V E E E E E E V E E E V E E E E V E E E E E E V E V V E V V E E V E E E E E E N%#3*%&#(F2(O"/1%"&Z6(X",, 0?"1/%"& E V E E E E E V E E E E V E E E E E E E E E E E V E E V E V V E E V V E E E V E !"22%&#(O+/1.2.8'1(O.*62.*6(";1.66(*3'(F] 0?"1/%"& E V E E E E E E V E E E V E E E E E E E E E V E V E V V E V V E E V V E V E E E !.6;.8(!'*1.(A.:>6(%&*'1";*%P'(:"2 0?"1/%"& E V E E E E E E V E E E V E E E E E E E E E E E V E E V E V V E E V V E V E E E B3'(X.1,/(=;.&.:+(B?1&6(*3'(9.1&'1 0?"1/%"& E V E E E E E E V E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E V E V V E V E E E V E E E E E E !%&&'6.*"(=:2,.+:'&*(=S2,.1'1 !%&&'6.*"(5?>,%;(M"/%. E V E E E E E E E E E V V E V E E E E E E V V E V E V V E V V E E V V V E E V E -(!"2(.@(I,+:2%;(!'/",6 Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E V E E E E E E V V E E E E E E E E E E E V V E V E V V E V V V V V E E E E E E -,,(.@(R&@,"*%.&Z6(N%**,'(5"1*6 Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E V E E E E E V V E E E V E E E V E E E E V V E V E V V E V E E E V V E E E V E 5"*36(*.(*3'(B.2(.@(*3'(O.:'(M?&(93"1*6 Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E V E E E E E E V E E E V E V E E E E E E E E E V E V V E V V E V V V E E E E E B3'(=>>("&/(7,.8(.@(!.P%'6(A.S(I@@%;'(M';'%2*6(`abc(d( Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E V E E E E E E V V E E V E E E E E E V E E E E V E V V E V V E E V V E E E E E B3'(T.>,'66(M"*'(@.1(5'.2,'(N%D'(Y.? Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E V E E E E E E V E V E V E E E E E E E E V V E V E V V E V V E E V E E E E E E -/P'1*%6':'&*(A?6 F&%*'/(B';3&.,.#+ E V E E E E E E E E V E E V V E V E V E -/P'1*%6':'&*(O',%;.2*'1 F&%*'/(B';3&.,.#+ E V E E E E E E E E V E E V V E V E V E -&",+$%&#(I>":"Z6();3'/?,' X"63%&#*.&(5.6* E V E E E E E E E V E E V E E E E V E E E E E E V E V V V E V E E E E E E E V E I6;"16(^_`_(B3'(A'6*(5%;*?1'(Q.:%&''6 0?"1/%"& E E V E E E E V V E V E V E E E E E E E E E E E V E V V E V E E E V V E V E E E B3'(9.&6?:'1("&/(M'*"%,(51%;'(R&/%;'6(6%&;'(^__c 0?"1/%"& E E V E E E E V V V E E V E V E E E E E E V E E V E V V E V V E E V V V V E V E F](<.*%&#(R&*'&*%.&6 0?"1/%"& E E V E E E E V V V E E V E V E E E E E E V E E V E V V V V V E E V V E V E V E 9.:2"1%6.&(.@(A'"1(!"1D'*6 Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E V E E E E E V V E E V E V E E E E V E V V E V E V V E V V E V V V E E E E E 7";'6(.@(*3'(G'"/ Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E V E E E E E V E E E V E E E E E E E E E E E V E V V V V V E V V V E E E V E O.8(-:'1%;"&6()2'&/(B3'%1(G"+ Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E V E E E E V E E E E V E V E E E E E E V V E V E V V V E V E V V V V E E E E !%;3',,'(I>":"Z6(7":%,+(B1'' Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E V E E E E E V E E E V E E E E E E E E V V E V E V V V V V E V V V V V V V E Q'*7,%S(M'&*",6 Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E V E E E E E V V E E V E E E E E E E E E E E V E V V V E V E V V V E E E E E )*'1.%/6(.1(Q.*e(*3'(5?16?%*(%6(I& Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E V E E E E E V E E V V V E E V V E V V E E <"&;.?P'1Z6(I,+:2%;(<'&?' Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E V E E E E V E E E V V E V E V E V V E V V E V E V V V E V E E V V E E E E E I&(*3'(!"2(7%P'(!"J.1(Q.1*3(].1'"&(51%6.&(9":26 X"63%&#*.&(5.6* E E V E E E E V E E E V V E E E E E E E E E E E V E V V V V V E E V E E V E V E )23'1'6(.@(R&@,?'&;'(B3'(A?63(9":2"%#&(5%.&''16 X"63%&#*.&(5.6* E E V E E E E V E E E V V E E E E E E E E E E E V E V V E E V E V V V V E E V E -(<%6?",(0?%/'(*.(*3'(7%&"&;%",(91%6%6 7,.8%&#(G"*" E E E V E E E E E E E E V V V E E E E E =;.&.:%;(!',*/.8&(.@(^__bE^__a 7,.8%&#(G"*" E E E V E E E E E E E E V V V E V E E E X3'1'(G%/(-,,(*3'(!.&'+(0.[ 7,.8%&#(G"*" E E E V E E E V E E E E E V V V E V V E E N%@'(9+;,'(.@("(A''*,'(*31.?#3("(Y'"1 =/8"1/(B?@*' E E E E V E E V V V E E E E V V E E V E E E E E E E !;9,.?/Z6(!"D%&#(9.:%;6 );.**(!;9,.?/ E E E E V E E V E E V V V V V V V V E E V V V V V V V V -@#3"&%6*"&(A'3%&/(*3'(71.&*(N%&' 7%&"&;%",(B%:'6 E E E E E V E V V V V E V E V E E V E E E E E E E V E V V E V E E V V E E E V E B.+.*"(B%:',%&'(-(9.:2"&+(O%6*.1+ 7%&"&;%",(B%:'6 E E E E E V E E V V E E V E E E E E E E E E E E V E V V E V V E E V E V E E E E 0"2:%&/'1(O?:"&(G'P',.2:'&* 0"2:%&/'1 E E E E E V E V E V V V V E V E V V E V E V V E E V V V V V V V V V V E V V E V ="1*3f?"D'6(X3+(B3'+(O"22'& 0?"1/%"& E E E E E V E V E E E V V E V E V V E E E V V E E V V V V V V E V V V E V V V E R1"&Z6(Q?;,'"1(51.#1"::' 0?"1/%"& E E E E E V E V E E E V V E V E V V E V E V V E E V V V V V V V V V V E V V V E )3"?&(X3%*'Z6(G.?>,'(!;B8%6* 0?"1/%"& E E E E E V E E V V E E V V E E E V E E E V E E E V E E V V E E E V V E V E E E B.+.*"Z6()*%;D(-;;','1"*.1(51.>,': 0?"1/%"& E E E E E V E E V E E V V E V E V V E E E V V E E V V E V V V E V V V E V E E E -,2%&'()D%%&#e(71.:(B';3&%;",(B?1&6(*.(B?;D6("&/()2''/ Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E E E E V E V E V V E V E E E E V E E E E V E E V E E V V E E E V V E E V V E A?/#'*(7.1';"6*6(P6U(M'",%*+ Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E E E E V E V V V V E V E V E E E E E E V V E E V V V V V V V V V V E V V V E O.8(*3'(0.P'1&:'&*(G'",*(8%*3(5"6*(M';'66%.&6 Q'8(Y.1D(B%:'6 E E E E E V E E V V E E V E E V E E E E E E E E E V V V E V E E V V V V V V E E !";(I1%'&*"*%.&(<%/'. -22,' E E E E E E V V E E E V V E V E V V E V V V V E E V E E E V E E V G',*"(-%12,"&'()"@'*+(<%/'. G',*" E E E E E E V V E E E V V V E E V V E V V V E E E V E E E V V E V B3'()*.1+(.@()*?@@ )*.1+(.@()*?@@(51.J';* E E E E E E V V V E V E V V V V E V E E E V V E E V V V V V V <%1#%&(-:'1%;"(-%12,"&'()"@'*+(<%/'. <%1#%&(-:'1%;" E E E E E E V E E E E V V V V V V V V V V E V E E V E E E V V E E Fig. 7. Design space analysis of narrative visualization. Columns indicate recurring design elements and selected regions highlight patterns in the data. Region (1) shows clusters of ordering strategies that correspond to distinct genres of visual narration. Region (2) highlights the consistency of interactive designs used by visualizations. Region (3) shows the under-utilization of strategies Segal and Heer, 2010 to engage the user in the interactive functionality. Region (4) shows the under-utilization of common storytelling techniques across narrative visualizations.
  • 42.
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