Continental-continental convergence occurs when two continental plates collide and push against each other, forming large mountain ranges such as the Himalayas. When sedimentary layers between the plates are crumpled and folded, fold mountains are created, with anticlines where the rocks fold upward and synclines where they fold downward. Folds can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, isoclinal, overturned, or recumbent, depending on the orientation and steepness of the axial plane and limbs. Examples of fold mountain ranges include the Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies, and Urals.

1. Continental-Continental Convergent Done by Li Wang, Jasmine Lin, Park Byeong Joo, Clara Che Wei Peh

3. What is convergent?

5. What is continental-continental convergent?

9. Fold Mountains- Formation

10. When an area of sea separates two plates, sediments will settle onto the sea floor and become sedimentary rocks. When the plates move towards each other, the layers of sedimentary rock become crumpled and folded, which makes them fold mountains.

11. syncline anticline Where the rocks are folded upwards, they are called anticlines. Where the rocks are folded downwards, they are called synclines.

12. Anticline

13. Syncline

14. Monocline

15. Types of Folds

17. Symmetrical Folds

18. Folds may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. In a symmetrical fold , the axial plane is vertical and the sides dip symmetrically from the axis. A symmetrical fold is one in which the axial plane is vertical.

20. Asymmetrical Folds

21. In an asymmetrical fold, the axial plane is tilted from the vertical and inclined with one limb dipping more steeply than the other.

23. Isoclinal Folds

24. A fold in sedimentary rocks where the axial surface and limbs slope in the same direction and at approximately the same angle.

25. Overturned Folds

26. A fold that’s axial plane’s tilted and beds may dip in same direction of both sides of the axial plane, resulting in one of limbs being rotated through an angle of at least 90 degrees.

28. Recumbant Folds

29. A plate's axial plate is horizontal, so one of the limbs is completely covered. it is the extreme version of the over turned fold but rotated more then 90 degrees.

31. Chevron Folds

32. A very abrupt hinge with long straight limbs which ranges from 10 to 70 degrees.

33. Where are fold mountains found?

34. Himalayas

35. The Alps

36. Andes

37. Rockies

38. Urals

39. Notes Axial Plane: an imaginary plane surface that divides a fold symmetrically Fold Axis: a line drawn along the points of maximum curvature of a layer of a fold Plunge: the angle between the horizontal plane and the fold axis

42. The End Done by Li Wang, Jasmine Lin, Park Byeong Joo, Clara Che Wei Peh