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                                                           $ :1
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                                Old Egyptian :       1 '               .-

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New Egyptian, Late :( 3(8          )7 8       81 '8     .5
                                                  Egyptian

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                                 Demotic :' 2                 .6

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                                                   . /   /*

                                       Coptic : 2             .;

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&             A    "9`ab 9        98          *   - F C
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= $ M        )< W & ) + )    ^ =$         + .
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)            )             )P #$                      4- ) .
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            .(]]` ";             )- $) IB ) + "                       9          . E 2! "; 2
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                                                                                  .([bcda] ";      )
  •       J.P. Allen, Colloquial Middle Egyptian: Some observation on
          the language of Heka Naskht, LineAeg 4 (1994).
  •       …………., Form, function and meaning in the early Egyptian
          verb, LingAeg 1 (1991).
  •       …………., The inflection of the verb in the Pyramid Texts
          (Malibu, 1984).
  •       J.P. Allen; L. Depuyt; H. Polosky, and D.P. Silverman, Essays
          on Egyptian Grammar (New Haven 1986).
  •       A.M. Bakir, An Introduction to the study of the Egyptian
          language. A Semitic approach, I: Middle Egyptian (Cairo,
          1987).
  •       W. Barta, Zum Verbalajektiv sDm.ti. fj, GM 105 (1988), p.7-9.
  •       R.I. Binick, Time and the verb: A guide to tense and aspect
          (New York, Oxford, 1991).
  •       A.M. Blackman, The infinitive form sDm.t.f. with preceding n
          and nn, ZÄS 49 (1911), p. 103-105.


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    •   J.F. Borghouts, An elusive pattern in Middle Egyptian,
        LingAeg 4 (1994), p. 13-34.
    •   A. de Buck, Grammaire élémentaire du Moyen Empire
        (Leiden, 1952).
    •   J.B. Callender, Middle Egyptian (Malibu, 1975).
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        1975).
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        forms in Middle Egyptian JEA 76 (1999), p. 73-85.
    •   …………., Predication and the circumstantial sDm(.f) /
        sDm.n(.f), LingAeg2 (1992), p. 17-65.
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    •   …………., On the ststive tj    g 1 , ! t in Middle Egyptian, OLP
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        (Oxford, 1962).

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•   A.H. Gradiner, Egyptian Grammar: being in introduction to the
      study of Hieroglyphs, Oxford (London, 1957).
  •   …………., Notes on the story of Sinuhe (Paris, 1916).
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      èg. N.S. 2/1-2 (1920), p. 42-55.
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      Lichtheim, p. 264-348.
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      27-30.
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        1976).
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    •   …………., Der Gebrauch von jw im mittelägyptische Satz, in:
        Fs. Edel, p. 263-271.
    •   …………., sDmt.f. “schiesslich hörte er”, GM 1 (1972), p. 32-
        34.
    •   …………., Syntax der mittelägyptischen Litteraturspache:
        Grundlagen einer Strukturtheorie (Mainz, 1978).
    •   F. Kammerzell, Augment, Stamm und Endung : Zur
        morphologischen Entwicklung der Staivkonjugation, LingAeg
        1 (1991), p. 165-199.
    •   …………., Funktio und Form zur Opposition von Perfekt und
        Pesudopartizip im Alt und Mittelägyptischen, GM 117/118
        (1990), p. 180-202.
    •   …………., Die altägyptische Negation w—Versuch einer
        Annaherung, LingAeg 3 (1993), p. 17-32.
    •   …………., rdj + Pseudopartizip              –eine    inmögliche
        Konstruktion?, GM 67 (1993), p. 57-64.
    •   M. Korostovtsev, Grammaire du nèo-ègyptien (Moscou, 1973).
    •   G. Lefebvre, Grammaire de l’ègyptien classique (Le Caire,
        1995).
    •   …………., Sur quelques mots ègyptiens, in: Ag Stud. Grapow,
        p. 205-211.
    •   A. Loprieno, Ancient Egyptian: a linguistic introduction
        (Cambridge, 1995).



©www.nureldin.com               -   -
•   …………., Aspekt und Diathese mi ägyptischen, in: Stud. Zu
      Sprache und Religion, Westendorf, p. 87-102.
  •   …………., Topic in Egyptian negations, in: Ägytpen im Afro
      Orient, kontext, Behrens, p. 213-235.
  •   …………., Das Verbal system im Ägyptischen und im
      Semitischen,   Zur Grundlegung einer Aspekttheorie
      (Wiesbaden, 1986).
  •   …………., Ubersetzung und Kommentar zu den
      Altägyptischen Pyramdentexten I-IV, Nachdruck Glückstadt
      (Hamburg, 1962).
  •   …………., das aegyptische Verbum im Altägyptischen.
      Neuägyptishcen und Koptischen I: Laut-und Stammeslehre. II:
      Formenlehre und Syntax der Verbalformen (Leipzig, 1899).
  •   D.P. Silverman, Interrogative construction with jn and jn-iw in
      Old and Middle Egyptian (Malibu, 1980).
  •   R. S. Simpson, demotic grammar in the Ptolemaic sacerdotal
      decrees (Oxford).
  •   S. B. Smith, Meaning and Negation, The Hague (Paris, 1974).
  •   T.W. Thacker, The relationship of the Semitic and Egyptian
      verbal systems (Oxford, 1954).
  •   J. Vergote, Grammaire copte I a-b (Louvain/ Leuven, 1973-
      1983).
  •   P. Vernus, Etudes de philology et de linguistique III, RdE 35
      (1984), p. 159-188; Iv RdE 38 (1987), p. 163-181.
  •   W. Vycichl, Dictionnaire ètymologique de la langue copte
      (Leuven, 1983).




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  • 8. :/ 01 .- Transliteration ) ) # '! 1 - ) /- 8 ' ! 8- E , + ") 8 + /- ? * "") $ ( " 9 C: $ " E ) H "E )I8I ) ) /- )I I " ) ) .) * )- ( ; I+ ) $ &$ M- ? #/ "E A #. - 6 :$ 6 D ' : $ 6 2 ) +!A ") ) A 9I ") + C / 9 < ) &+ ) ( C + C &$ / "C / C8 * ) P 8- 1 P + ) + ; 3 1 + ' , / + < E 8 = * 9 " + .) *( ) , ' !? 8- ) ) - 52 F W )P ) - I " . 8- =6 ) + - )I ) P 6! ) ) )P 9 - .) $ ( E - E ( ; ) $ ' & +D ""M - . /" I ' E 6 8- 5 ) ) 6 8- ""E ( " E 16 5 )I8I ( 6 8- "pr '! : ) 8- .nfr ) . & ) M ) 8- / /* 7 A ) ) )P A " W ) + $ "& ) P "& + .) ) )P : 5 ) ' D ©www.nureldin.com - -
  •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ieros F " + " < W ") + 2 + & '! ; 2! "") ) + " - ""Glophos F $" ")2 ) + " " - +) + ( $' M + ) I IB $' .P : > M @ 6< + &( .( ... " " I )) IB ' "( Z2 ) ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 10. ' 2 , 23 .4 F + ") ) + " / ") + 2 F I+ + ) &+ ' ! ; 2! "" &+" - ""Hieratikos ) * )) / & ^ ; +) A /* 6& C * .) &+ )/ & L- + "() ^ ; *@ - ", * *R ' - " < W & /* / / & /* / * $ ) & / /* =6 ' ! 9 1 - H () + 8- /* ) < W & /* & "; I+ M ( ) + : : ) ) ^ )- / # M H! &- 0 H) + / + "C - C /* / "; / * F + ' 5 6 "() 2 ) + ( 1 I "# /* A )* Z2 # I+ M 16 " < /* < W & . ^ 9 M+ + / & /* " :( > + ' 2 23 .5 ""Demos F ") ) + /* 6 32 6 / ' 6 - H "" -2" 1 ""F + " & ) + ") 8 - /* " ) -2 / /* .) - )P ) )- /* "8 I 6 &L 16 / /* < W & - )I I ) /* ) I "1 8 F * ' "C * " 8 - ; I+ )/2 ( - # M - 9 " / & ' / * 6 M+ .: $ ) "& ) .() 2 ) + ( 1 " . '2 23 .6 ) + ") ) )P ; *( ) / ' ! ; 2! ""1 " - " $ !" ) ) 2 " / " ©www.nureldin.com - -
  •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ld Egyptian : 1 ' .- 6 ") )P D ' ( # ) ) =6 ") I ; ( E ' "' ( ; ( "() I ' ( () 3 - - )* ) . ( H ) I )- ( ") ) ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 12. ^ ) ) IR ) ) P ; < =6 ^ .9 ( Middle Egyptian :2 1 ' .4 ; ( E ; < ) P ) =6 ^. * &L ) =6 I "; 2 ) I ; ( E ' ") I 4- C * /W .) ) )P ) + Y ) H "'/ ) " ( H ( .)I ) ) " I New Egyptian, Late :( 3(8 )7 8 81 '8 .5 Egyptian E 6 ( ^ ) ) P ) =6 2 1 " 2- ) * ; ( ' "; 2 ) I ; ( I . *@ - ")I ) C* Demotic :' 2 .6 ' "8 I 6 ) "E * /* + ! ) P ) "1 8 F * . / /* Coptic : 2 .; & "C 8 ( 6 ) P ) & A "9`ab 9 98 * - F C .) / ; < C - ! ") - )P Y ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 13. ! " #$ %/ . <= : 3 C C < W & &/* ) ) )P + # 9. ) + =$ P 9 H " '! + ") * )- / 16 1 - ' - ^ - L =$ ^ M+ ( 4- / $ +2 3 . '! ' ! C . + + ) / ) / & = $ M )< W & ) + ) ^ =$ + . .E : / I " &L ,$ 6 8- 6! " '! &G " )&$ ) 8- + 6G 56 " '! &G )&$ + : ô ³³³ Ú t Z333 è ¡Ü ¼ È ñ Æô é ± ó s t F q H < ! h i 1 ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 14. ) ) )P #$ 4- ) . ") ) ) P < P 9 $- "F + 1 X .(bcd_ "; )) ( #/ .2 ) - ). & " ( )- / ) )- / ") < W & ) P ) & . < " + (1 ) X ) ] .() $ be]e "3H ) $ # / ") #. < [9b__`/b__d " Ii ' ( F $ #/)) ) )P 9$- (/ /* ) " + ( 2 ) X .( - ]] 2 $ &< L ) < + ) :) ) )P "3: $X )- $) 3 < ) )+" 2 9 "; 2 W= + " .() + W j ")I P ' I ) ) )P " X .(]]` "; )- $) IB ) + " 9 . E 2! "; 2 .(]]`) ) )- / ") ) ) P " 9 X )I I )- / " 6 ) ) P " + X .([bcda] "; ) • J.P. Allen, Colloquial Middle Egyptian: Some observation on the language of Heka Naskht, LineAeg 4 (1994). • …………., Form, function and meaning in the early Egyptian verb, LingAeg 1 (1991). • …………., The inflection of the verb in the Pyramid Texts (Malibu, 1984). • J.P. Allen; L. Depuyt; H. Polosky, and D.P. Silverman, Essays on Egyptian Grammar (New Haven 1986). • A.M. Bakir, An Introduction to the study of the Egyptian language. A Semitic approach, I: Middle Egyptian (Cairo, 1987). • W. Barta, Zum Verbalajektiv sDm.ti. fj, GM 105 (1988), p.7-9. • R.I. Binick, Time and the verb: A guide to tense and aspect (New York, Oxford, 1991). • A.M. Blackman, The infinitive form sDm.t.f. with preceding n and nn, ZÄS 49 (1911), p. 103-105. ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 15. ! " #$ %/ . • J.F. Borghouts, An elusive pattern in Middle Egyptian, LingAeg 4 (1994), p. 13-34. • A. de Buck, Grammaire élémentaire du Moyen Empire (Leiden, 1952). • J.B. Callender, Middle Egyptian (Malibu, 1975). • J. Cerny, & S.I. Groll, A Late Egyptian Grammar (Rome, 1975). • M.A. Collier, The Circumstantial sDm(.f)/ sDm.n (.f) as verbal forms in Middle Egyptian JEA 76 (1999), p. 73-85. • …………., Predication and the circumstantial sDm(.f) / sDm.n(.f), LingAeg2 (1992), p. 17-65. • Crossroad, Chaos or the beginning of a new paradigm, Papers from the conference on Egyptian grammar, Helsingor 28-30 May 1986 Eds. Gengland & P.J. Frandsen, (Copenhagen, 1986). • L. Depuydt, Conjunction, Contiguity, Contingency on relations between events in the Egyptian and Coptic verbal systems (New York & Oxford, 1993). • …………., A history of research on the prospective sDm.f forms in Middle Egyptian, JARCE 30 (1993), p. 11-31. • …………., The Standard theory of the “Emphatic” forms in classical (Middle) Egyptian: A history survey, OLP 14 (1983), p. 13-54. • …………., On the ststive tj g 1 , ! t in Middle Egyptian, OLP 26 (1995), p. 21-27. • E. Doret, The narrative verbal system of Old and Middle Egyptian (Genève, 1986). • E. Edel, Altägyptische Grammatik (Roma, 1955/1964). • G. Englund, Middle Egyptian: an introduction (Uppsala, 1988). • A. Erman, Ägyptische Grammatik (Berlin, 1928). • R. O. Faulkner, A concise dictionary of Middle Egyptian (Oxford, 1962). ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 16. A.H. Gradiner, Egyptian Grammar: being in introduction to the study of Hieroglyphs, Oxford (London, 1957). • …………., Notes on the story of Sinuhe (Paris, 1916). • …………., On certain participal formations in Egyptian, Rev, èg. N.S. 2/1-2 (1920), p. 42-55. • L. Gaskins, Notes on Middle Egyptian syntax, Berkeley, 1978. • E. Graefe, Mittelägyptische Grammatik für Anfänger, (Wiesbaden I-II; Paris, 1990-1993). • G.S. Greig, The sDm and sDm.n.f in the story of Sinuhe and the theory of Nominal Emphatic Verbs, in: studies in Egyptology, Lichtheim, p. 264-348. • B. Gunn, A negative word in Old Egyptian, JEA 34 (1948), p. 27-30. • …………., Studies in egypian syntax (Paris, 1924). • R. Hnning, Grosses Handwörterbuch, Ägyptish-Deutsch, Die Sprache der pharaonen, Mainz, 1995. • …………., Uberlegungen zum sDmw- Passiv, GM 103 (1988), p. 31-13. • W. Helck, Historisch-biographische Texte der 2. Zwischenzeit und Neue Texte der 18. Dynastie (Wiesbaden, 1983). • J.E. Hoch, Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga, 1995. • K. Jansen-Winkeln, Finalsatz und Kunjunktiv, GM 146 (1995), p. 37-60. • …………., Zur Schreibung des Pseudopartizips in den Pyramydentexten, BSEG 15 (1991), p. 43-56. • …………., Spätmittelägyptische Grammatik der Texte der 3. Zwischenzeit (Wiesbaden, 1996). • ……., Das futurische Verbaladjektiv im Spätmittelägyptische, SAK 21 (1994), p. 107-129. • G. Janssens, Contribution to the verbal system in Old Egyptian: a new approach to the reconstruction of the Hamito-Semitic verbal system (Leuven, 1972). ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 17. ! " #$ %/ . • J.H. Johnson, The demoic verbal system, SAOC 38 (Chicago, 1976). • …………., The use of the particle mk in Middle Kingdom letters, Stud. zu Sprache und Religion, Westendorf, p. 71-85. • F. Junge, Adverbialsatz und emphatische Formen, Nominalsatz und Negation eine “Gegendarstellung”, GM 33 (1979), p. 69- 88. • …………., “Emphasis” and Sentential meaning in Middle Egyptian (Wiesbaden, 1989). • …………., Der Gebrauch von jw im mittelägyptische Satz, in: Fs. Edel, p. 263-271. • …………., sDmt.f. “schiesslich hörte er”, GM 1 (1972), p. 32- 34. • …………., Syntax der mittelägyptischen Litteraturspache: Grundlagen einer Strukturtheorie (Mainz, 1978). • F. Kammerzell, Augment, Stamm und Endung : Zur morphologischen Entwicklung der Staivkonjugation, LingAeg 1 (1991), p. 165-199. • …………., Funktio und Form zur Opposition von Perfekt und Pesudopartizip im Alt und Mittelägyptischen, GM 117/118 (1990), p. 180-202. • …………., Die altägyptische Negation w—Versuch einer Annaherung, LingAeg 3 (1993), p. 17-32. • …………., rdj + Pseudopartizip –eine inmögliche Konstruktion?, GM 67 (1993), p. 57-64. • M. Korostovtsev, Grammaire du nèo-ègyptien (Moscou, 1973). • G. Lefebvre, Grammaire de l’ègyptien classique (Le Caire, 1995). • …………., Sur quelques mots ègyptiens, in: Ag Stud. Grapow, p. 205-211. • A. Loprieno, Ancient Egyptian: a linguistic introduction (Cambridge, 1995). ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 18. …………., Aspekt und Diathese mi ägyptischen, in: Stud. Zu Sprache und Religion, Westendorf, p. 87-102. • …………., Topic in Egyptian negations, in: Ägytpen im Afro Orient, kontext, Behrens, p. 213-235. • …………., Das Verbal system im Ägyptischen und im Semitischen, Zur Grundlegung einer Aspekttheorie (Wiesbaden, 1986). • …………., Ubersetzung und Kommentar zu den Altägyptischen Pyramdentexten I-IV, Nachdruck Glückstadt (Hamburg, 1962). • …………., das aegyptische Verbum im Altägyptischen. Neuägyptishcen und Koptischen I: Laut-und Stammeslehre. II: Formenlehre und Syntax der Verbalformen (Leipzig, 1899). • D.P. Silverman, Interrogative construction with jn and jn-iw in Old and Middle Egyptian (Malibu, 1980). • R. S. Simpson, demotic grammar in the Ptolemaic sacerdotal decrees (Oxford). • S. B. Smith, Meaning and Negation, The Hague (Paris, 1974). • T.W. Thacker, The relationship of the Semitic and Egyptian verbal systems (Oxford, 1954). • J. Vergote, Grammaire copte I a-b (Louvain/ Leuven, 1973- 1983). • P. Vernus, Etudes de philology et de linguistique III, RdE 35 (1984), p. 159-188; Iv RdE 38 (1987), p. 163-181. • W. Vycichl, Dictionnaire ètymologique de la langue copte (Leuven, 1983). ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 19. ! " #$ %/ . $ ! A 1 i 11 7 y a ! " ! K w # $ q b % & # p ' h f ( ) " ( + ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 20. 1 m % t n M r %$ $ h $ ,- ./ < H 0 1 B x ,2 # b X 3 4 ( 5 B e s 67 , 8 v S 0 9 n q : , & ? k " "; - = <( U g ( 6 ! t - +> - T , ? f d i D 4 6 7 l , , % * + , = ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 21. ! " #$ %/ . / ? $' ' / > ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 22. (O.E) 1 ' > @ # / * ? A ' / B C ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 23. ! " #$ %/ . (O.E) 2 1 ' 2 '* + > 23 ' D # 3 '* + > 23 ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 24. (L.E) *@ - )P / - )P ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 25. ! " #$ %/ . / & /* E C ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 26. ' 2 23 ' 2 ' 2 ©www.nureldin.com - -
  • 27. ! " #$ %/ . / /* !"#$ %&'( ) ©www.nureldin.com - -