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DNR: OUTSTANDING ETHICO-
               LEGAL-FIQHI ISSUES

                    Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
2.0 UNCERTAINTIES
           (qaโ€™idat al yaqiin)


โ€ข Definition of terminal illness, maradh al mawt
โ€ข Death process: point z - prolongation of life
  vs prolongation of death
โ€ข Peri-operational DNR
โ€ข Pre-hospital DNR



                                    Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                           Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                     King Fahad Medical City
3.0 PROTECTION OF LIFE
(maqsad hifdh al nafs) VS EXCLUDING FUTILITY


โ€ข Artificial life support vis a vis allowing natural death
  (AND)
โ€ข Do not resuscitate orders (DNR)
โ€ข Do not treat orders (DNT)
โ€ข DNR as Passive Euthanasia (EU) โ€“ al umuur bi
  maqasidiha




                                               Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                                      Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                                King Fahad Medical City
4.0 PROTECTION OF THE PATIENT FROM
   POTENTIAL HARM (qaโ€™idat al dharar)


 โ€ข   Paternalism
 โ€ข   Patient consent for CPR
 โ€ข   Patient consent for DNR
 โ€ข   Family assent to DNR
 โ€ข   Age discrimination




                                        Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                               Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                         King Fahad Medical City
5.0 PROTECTION/CONSERVATION OF
      RESOURCES (maqsad hifdh al maal)


โ€ข Over and/or inappropriate utilization of
  ICU resources
โ€ข Synonyms for ICU:
  โ€“ Intensive Monitoring Unit (IMU)
  โ€“ Futile Care Unit (FCU)
  โ€“ Wasteful Care Unit (WCU)
  โ€“ Extremist Care Unit (ECU)
  โ€“ Mortuary Care Unit (MCU)
  โ€“ Hospice Care Unit (HCU)
                                      Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                             Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                       King Fahad Medical City
5.0 PROTECTION/CONSERVATION OF
   RESOURCES (maqsad hifdh al maal)


โ€ข Use of palliative instead of intensive care
โ€ข KPI: ICU mortality/discharge a reflection of
  admission and not intervention




                                        Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                               Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                         King Fahad Medical City
6.0 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES


โ€ข   DNR policies and guidelines
โ€ข   Knowledge of physicians regarding DNR
โ€ข   Practices of physicians regarding DNR
โ€ข   Mistaken Identification of DNR patients




                                      Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                             Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                       King Fahad Medical City
7.0 CRITERIA FOR DNR
      (hifdh al nafs vs hifdh al maal)


โ€ข DNR: an established death process beyond
  Youngโ€™s z point
โ€ข DNT: terminal conditions not yet in an
  established death process.
โ€ข DNR & DNT: admit to palliative care where
  hi-tech is not available




                                     Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                            Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                      King Fahad Medical City
8.0 The KFMC CPP No 1430-60 6
          EXAMPLES FOR DNR

โ€ข Advanced incurable malignancy
โ€ข advanced multi-organ failure
โ€ข irreversible, severe, and documented brain
  damage
โ€ข advanced cardiac, hepatic, or pulmonary disease
โ€ข inoperable, life threatening congenital heart
  disease, fatal chromosomal or neuromuscular
  disease
โ€ข Irreversible, severe, mental and physical
  incapacity.


                                        Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                               Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                         King Fahad Medical City
9.0 The SAMSO MSP 7 EXAMPLES FOR
                  DNR:


โ€ข Advanced incurable, end-stage malignancy
โ€ข End-stage organ failure
โ€ข Advanced irreversible brain damage
โ€ข End-stage renal disease if renal replacement therapy
  is not feasible
โ€ข Inoperable congenital anomalies incompatible with
  life
โ€ข Fatal chromosomal abnormalities
โ€ข Brain death.


                                           Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                                  Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                            King Fahad Medical City
10.0 COMPONENTS OF A DNR ORDER



โ€ข Cardiopulmonary resuscitation involving
  chest compressions and oxygenation
โ€ข Endotracheal intubation
โ€ข Mechanical ventilation
โ€ข Defibrillation
โ€ข Vaso-active/ionotropic medication



                                      Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                             Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                       King Fahad Medical City
11.0 MAY/MAY NOT: NON-CARDIO-
        RESPIRATORY LIFE SUPPORT


โ€ข   Renal dialysis
โ€ข   Blood transfusion
โ€ข   Parenteral nutrition
โ€ข   Pulmonary hygiene
โ€ข   Normal treatment eg antibiotics




                                         Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                                Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                          King Fahad Medical City
12.0 SUPPORTIVE CARE FOR ALL DNR
                PATIENTS


โ€ข   Clearance of secretions (oral, throat, etc)
โ€ข   Hydration and nutrition
โ€ข   Pain management, antipyretics, and sedation
โ€ข   Supplemental oxygen
โ€ข   Anti emetics and relieve of constipation
โ€ข   Relief of urinary retention
โ€ข   Relief of dypnea and cough)


                                       Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                              Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                        King Fahad Medical City
13.0 RECOMMENDATIONS


โ€ข Develop palliative care as an alternative to ICU for
  DNR and DNT cases
โ€ข Training workshops on the ethical issues of EOL
โ€ข DNR orders to specify interventions
  intended/prohibited
โ€ข Respecting the autonomy of physicians who have
  conscientious objections to DNR
โ€ข More psycho-social support for DNR families
โ€ข More empirical research on the DNR process
โ€ข Regular audits of DNR decisions and outcomes.

                                             Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr
                                    Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics
                                              King Fahad Medical City
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ุงู„ู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุงู„ู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู‡
ุงู„ู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู‡
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ูŠุฉ ู„ุชุฎุตุต ุงู„ุชุฎุฏูŠุฑ (2)
ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ูŠุฉ ู„ุชุฎุตุต ุงู„ุชุฎุฏูŠุฑ (2)ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ูŠุฉ ู„ุชุฎุตุต ุงู„ุชุฎุฏูŠุฑ (2)
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ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณูุงุช ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…
ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณูุงุช ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณูุงุช ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…
ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณูุงุช ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…
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ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูˆูุงุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฆู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุฒู‡ูŠุฑ
ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูˆูุงุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฆู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุฒู‡ูŠุฑุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูˆูุงุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฆู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุฒู‡ูŠุฑ
ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูˆูุงุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฆู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุฒู‡ูŠุฑ
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ุงู„ุงุญุชุถุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุช ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑุนูŠ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุญุชุถุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠุช ุทู„ุจ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุนุงุด...
ุงู„ุงุญุชุถุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุช ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑุนูŠ ู„ู‡  ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุญุชุถุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠุช ุทู„ุจ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุนุงุด...ุงู„ุงุญุชุถุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุช ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑุนูŠ ู„ู‡  ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุญุชุถุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠุช ุทู„ุจ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุนุงุด...
ุงู„ุงุญุชุถุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุช ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑุนูŠ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุญุชุถุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠุช ุทู„ุจ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุนุงุด...
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ุฅุณู‡ุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุก ููŠ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ูŠุฉ
ุฅุณู‡ุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุก    ูˆุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุก ููŠ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ูŠุฉุฅุณู‡ุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุก    ูˆุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุก ููŠ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ูŠุฉ
ุฅุณู‡ุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุก ููŠ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ูŠุฉ
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ุฌุฑุงุญุงุช ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠู„ ู€ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุจ
ุฌุฑุงุญุงุช ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠู„ ู€ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุจุฌุฑุงุญุงุช ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠู„ ู€ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุจ
ุฌุฑุงุญุงุช ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠู„ ู€ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุจ
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ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู€ ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ
ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู€ ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู€ ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ
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ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณู„ุงู…
ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณู„ุงู…ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณู„ุงู…
ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณู„ุงู…
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ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆุชู‚ุฏูŠู…ู‡ุง
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ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆุชู‚ุฏูŠู…ู‡ุง
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ุณูˆุก ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ 1
ุณูˆุก ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ 1ุณูˆุก ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ 1
ุณูˆุก ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ 1
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DNR outstanding ethico legal-fiqhi issues

  • 1. DNR: OUTSTANDING ETHICO- LEGAL-FIQHI ISSUES Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 2. 2.0 UNCERTAINTIES (qaโ€™idat al yaqiin) โ€ข Definition of terminal illness, maradh al mawt โ€ข Death process: point z - prolongation of life vs prolongation of death โ€ข Peri-operational DNR โ€ข Pre-hospital DNR Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 3. 3.0 PROTECTION OF LIFE (maqsad hifdh al nafs) VS EXCLUDING FUTILITY โ€ข Artificial life support vis a vis allowing natural death (AND) โ€ข Do not resuscitate orders (DNR) โ€ข Do not treat orders (DNT) โ€ข DNR as Passive Euthanasia (EU) โ€“ al umuur bi maqasidiha Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 4. 4.0 PROTECTION OF THE PATIENT FROM POTENTIAL HARM (qaโ€™idat al dharar) โ€ข Paternalism โ€ข Patient consent for CPR โ€ข Patient consent for DNR โ€ข Family assent to DNR โ€ข Age discrimination Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 5. 5.0 PROTECTION/CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES (maqsad hifdh al maal) โ€ข Over and/or inappropriate utilization of ICU resources โ€ข Synonyms for ICU: โ€“ Intensive Monitoring Unit (IMU) โ€“ Futile Care Unit (FCU) โ€“ Wasteful Care Unit (WCU) โ€“ Extremist Care Unit (ECU) โ€“ Mortuary Care Unit (MCU) โ€“ Hospice Care Unit (HCU) Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 6. 5.0 PROTECTION/CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES (maqsad hifdh al maal) โ€ข Use of palliative instead of intensive care โ€ข KPI: ICU mortality/discharge a reflection of admission and not intervention Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 7. 6.0 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES โ€ข DNR policies and guidelines โ€ข Knowledge of physicians regarding DNR โ€ข Practices of physicians regarding DNR โ€ข Mistaken Identification of DNR patients Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 8. 7.0 CRITERIA FOR DNR (hifdh al nafs vs hifdh al maal) โ€ข DNR: an established death process beyond Youngโ€™s z point โ€ข DNT: terminal conditions not yet in an established death process. โ€ข DNR & DNT: admit to palliative care where hi-tech is not available Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 9. 8.0 The KFMC CPP No 1430-60 6 EXAMPLES FOR DNR โ€ข Advanced incurable malignancy โ€ข advanced multi-organ failure โ€ข irreversible, severe, and documented brain damage โ€ข advanced cardiac, hepatic, or pulmonary disease โ€ข inoperable, life threatening congenital heart disease, fatal chromosomal or neuromuscular disease โ€ข Irreversible, severe, mental and physical incapacity. Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 10. 9.0 The SAMSO MSP 7 EXAMPLES FOR DNR: โ€ข Advanced incurable, end-stage malignancy โ€ข End-stage organ failure โ€ข Advanced irreversible brain damage โ€ข End-stage renal disease if renal replacement therapy is not feasible โ€ข Inoperable congenital anomalies incompatible with life โ€ข Fatal chromosomal abnormalities โ€ข Brain death. Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 11. 10.0 COMPONENTS OF A DNR ORDER โ€ข Cardiopulmonary resuscitation involving chest compressions and oxygenation โ€ข Endotracheal intubation โ€ข Mechanical ventilation โ€ข Defibrillation โ€ข Vaso-active/ionotropic medication Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 12. 11.0 MAY/MAY NOT: NON-CARDIO- RESPIRATORY LIFE SUPPORT โ€ข Renal dialysis โ€ข Blood transfusion โ€ข Parenteral nutrition โ€ข Pulmonary hygiene โ€ข Normal treatment eg antibiotics Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 13. 12.0 SUPPORTIVE CARE FOR ALL DNR PATIENTS โ€ข Clearance of secretions (oral, throat, etc) โ€ข Hydration and nutrition โ€ข Pain management, antipyretics, and sedation โ€ข Supplemental oxygen โ€ข Anti emetics and relieve of constipation โ€ข Relief of urinary retention โ€ข Relief of dypnea and cough) Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City
  • 14. 13.0 RECOMMENDATIONS โ€ข Develop palliative care as an alternative to ICU for DNR and DNT cases โ€ข Training workshops on the ethical issues of EOL โ€ข DNR orders to specify interventions intended/prohibited โ€ข Respecting the autonomy of physicians who have conscientious objections to DNR โ€ข More psycho-social support for DNR families โ€ข More empirical research on the DNR process โ€ข Regular audits of DNR decisions and outcomes. Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr Omar Hasan K Kasule Sr Department of Bioethics King Fahad Medical City