This technique works by generating ions or electrically charged atoms using electrodes placed close to one another on a computer chip. Generated ions are passed from electrode to electrode, with collisions between ions and neutral air atoms propelling the air forward in what is called the corona wind effect – the process that cools.

1. NANONANO TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
COOLINGCOOLING
GIRIJA SANKAR DASHGIRIJA SANKAR DASH
EMBETICS SOLUTIONSEMBETICS SOLUTIONS

2. OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION
• CAUSES OF HEAT GENERATION
• POPULAR COOLING TECHNIQUES
– PASSIVE HEAT-SINK COOLING
– ACTIVE HEAT-SINK COOLING
– WATER COOLING
– HEAT PIPE
• NANOTECHNOLOGY
• COOLING METHODOLOGY USING NANOTUBES
• ADVANTAGES OF SELF COOLING
• FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
• CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
This technique works by generating ions or electrically
charged atoms using electrodes placed close to one
another on a computer chip. Generated ions are passed
from electrode to electrode, with collisions between ions
and neutral air atoms propelling the air forward in what is
called the corona wind effect – the process that cools.

4. CAUSES OF HEAT GENERATION
•The amount of heat generated by an integrated circuit is
the prime cause of heat build up in modern computers, is a
function of the efficiency of its design, the technology used
in its construction and the frequency and voltage at which it
operates.

5. Popular Cooling techniques
• PASSIVE HEAT-SINK COOLING
• ACTIVE HEAT-SINK COOLING
• WATER COOLING
• HEAT PIPE

6. PASSIVE HEAT-SINK
COOLING
• Passive heat-sink cooling involves attaching a block of
machined to the part that needs cooling. More commonly
for a personal-computer CPU, a clamp holds the heat
sink directly over the chip, with a thermal grease or
thermal pad spread between.

7. ACTIVE HEAT-SINK COOLING
• Active heat-sink cooling uses the same principle as
passive, with the addition of a fan that blows over or
through the heat sink. The air movement increases the
rate at which the heat sink can exchange heat with the
ambient air.

8. WATER COOLING
• Water cooling include the fact that a system is not limited
to cooling one component, but can be set up to cool the
central processing unit, graphics processing unit, and/or
other components at the same time with the same
system.

9. HEAT PIPE
• A heat pipe is a hollow tube containing a heat transfer
liquid. As the liquid evaporates, it carries heat to the cool
end, where it condenses and then returns to the hot end.
Heat pipes thus have a much higher effective thermal
conductivity.

10. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is a branch of engineering
that deals with the design and manufacture
of extremely small electronic circuits and
mechanical devices built at the molecular
level of matter.

11. COOLING METHODOLOGY USING
NANOTUBES
• Carbon nanotube electrodes placed close to one another on a computer
chip and voltage is passed into the electrodes.
• When voltage is passed into the electrodes the negatively charged
nanotubes discharge electrons towards the positively charged electrodes.
• The electrons react with surrounding air, causing the air molecules to be
ionized just as electrons in the atmosphere ionize air in clouds.
• This ionization of air leads to an imbalance of charges that eventually result
in lightning bolts.
• To create lightning we need tens of kilovolts, but we do it with 100 volts or
less, in simple term, we are generating lighting on a nano-scale here.

12. • The researchers are able to create the ionizing effect with low voltage
because the tips of the nanotubes are extremely narrow and the oppositely
charged electrodes are spaced apart only about 10 microns, or one – tenth
the width of human hair.
• The ionized air molecules cause currents like those created by the “corona
wind” phenomenon, which happens between electrodes at voltages higher
than 10 kilovolts, or 10,000 volts.
• Clouds of ions created when electrons react with air can then be attracted
by the second region of electrodes and pumped forward by changing the
voltages in those electrodes.
COOLING METHODOLOGY USING
NANOTUBES

13. • The voltages are rapidly switched from one electrode to the next in such a
way that the clouds of ions move forward.
• As the ions move forward, they make repeated collisions with neutral
molecules, producing the breeze.
• Voltages are switched at the right frequency so that the ion cloud is
constantly moving forward causing the breeze to flow.
• The pumping concept works with a region of electrodes made of many
series, each series containing three electrodes.
• The first in the series is the most positively charged, followed by an
electrode that has a less – positive charge and then a third electrode that is
negative.
COOLING METHODOLOGY USING
NANOTUBES

14. • Switching the voltages from one electrode to the next causes the charges to
move forward, which in turn moves the ion clouds.
• Generated ions are passed from electrode to electrode, in the mode of a
charge – coupled device, with collisions between ions and neutral air atoms
propelling the air forward in what is called the corona wind effect
• The researchers nano sized the corona wind effect and combined it with
micro fluidic channels with embedded, megahertz – sequenced electrodes
to create suitable for pumping heat – laden air molecules literally through
the core of a chip and out the other side.
COOLING METHODOLOGY USING
NANOTUBES

15. ADVANTAGES OF SELF COOLING
• Additional cost for providing external cooling (coolers, air
– conditioner etc) can be eliminated.
• Size of computers will be smaller in near future
compared to those used at present.
• No moving parts inside the computer, hence there will be
more reliable and noiseless.
• Self – cooling of chips will increase the life expectancy of
the chips and hence increase the life of appliance.
• Additional and more advanced circuitry can be designed
and fabricated within a single chip.

16. CARBON NANORIBBONS FOR
SMALLER, SPEEDIER COMPUTER CHIPS
Stanford chemists have developed a new way to make
transistors out of carbon nanoribbons.
A schematic of graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistor

17. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
• Silicon Nanowires Upgrade Data-Storage
Technology
• Integrated Nanowire Sensor Circuitry

18. CONCLUSION
• Nanotechnology is used in computers for
improving its efficiency. The nanowires, nano
cooling techniques provides with high reliability,
increased performance efficiency. It finds
applications in laptop computers, cell phones,
sensing systems and many other types of portable
microelectronics. It will also let us to fabricate an
entire new generation of products that are cleaner
,stronger, lighter and more precise.