Koji Nakui, Senior Analyst for International coal policy, Coal Division, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), presented on the role of CCS and the future direction of energy policy in Japan at the Global CCS Institute's Japanese Members' Meeting held in Tokyo on 8 June 2012

1. Energy Policy of Japan
June 2012
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy
Natural Resources and Fuel Department
Coal Division
Koji Nakui

2. Contents
1. Review of The Basic Energy Plan ・・・2
2. Near-term Electricity Supply-demand Balance ・・・7
3. Rethinking the Basic Energy Plan ・・・14
4. Renewable Energy ・・・30
5. Energy Resource Development ・・・42
6. Future Energy Policy of Japan ・・・46
1

3. 1. Review of the Basic Energy Plan
2

4. History of Japan‟s Energy Policy
Japan is poorly endowed with energy resources, which are indispensable to economic and social activities. To meet the
changing economic and energy situation of the time at home and abroad, Japan has reviewed its energy policy in order to
ensure “energy security,” “economic efficiency,” and the “environment.”
1970s [(1) Responding to the oil crises (1970s-80s)]
Energy
security
1973: First oil shock
1980s 1979: Second oil shock
[(2) Promoting regulatory reform (since 1990s)]
Energy Economic
1990s security + efficiency
[(3) Coping with global warming issues (since 1990s) ]
Energy Economic
security + efficiency + Environment
1997: Kyoto Protocol adopted
2000s 2005: Kyoto Protocol came into effect
[(4) Enhancing resource security (2000s)]
Energy Economic
security + efficiency + Environment
Enhanced resource security
[(5) Current Basic Energy Plan]
2002: Basic Act on Energy Policy enacted
2003: Basic Energy Plan established (revised in 2007 and 2010) 3

5. Japan‟s Energy Supply Structure
(in crude oil equivalent kL)
3% *
100%
Renewables etc.
3%
90%
Hydro Nuclear power
12%
80%
Natural gas 19%
70%
Coal
60% First
oil shock 21%
50%
Coal
40%
42%
30%
20%
* “Renewables etc.” consists of
10% solar power (0.1%), wind power
Oil (0.1%), geothermal heat (0.1%),
and biomass (2.8%).
0%
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997 Source: Prepared based on “Comprehensive Energy Statistics” issued by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy.”
4

6. Projections for Shale Gas Production Increases and LNG Imports in the U.S.
○U.S. shale gas production in 2009 was about 3 trillion cubic feet (approx. 16% of total gas
production, equivalent to approx. 70 million tons of LNG). The country’s shale gas production is
forecast to continue increasing steadily.
○As shale gas production increases, projected U.S. LNG imports are projected to decline significantly.
Projections for U.S. natural gas production (by type) Projections for U.S. LNG imports
(trillions of CF) (trillions of CF)
Results Projections Results Projections
7
As of 2005
6
5
4
3
2
1 As of 2011
0
Source: EIA, “Annual Energy Outlook 2011.” Source: EIA, “Annual Energy Outlook 2011.”
5

7. Natural Gas Prices (Japan vs. North America)
○Japan’s LNG import prices, which are linked to crude oil import prices (JCC), have been rising in recent years.
○By contrast, natural gas prices (Henry Hub price) in North America have been declining in recent years, reflecting a less
tight supply and demand balance in the North American market due to the increased production of shale gas.
LNG import price Crude/raw oil price (JCC) Henry Hub price
May-09
May-10
May-11
Dec-08
Aug-09
Sep-09
Dec-09
Aug-10
Sep-10
Dec-10
Aug-11
Sep-11
Dec-11
Nov-09
Nov-10
Nov-11
Feb-09
Feb-10
Feb-11
Mar-09
Mar-10
Mar-11
Jan-09
Jun-09
Jan-10
Jun-10
Jan-11
Jun-11
Oct-09
Oct-10
Oct-11
Apr-09
Apr-10
Apr-11
Jul-09
Jul-10
Jul-11
6

8. 2. Near-term Electricity
Supply-demand Balance
7

9. Operational Status of Nuclear Power Stations (as of June 8)
All the 50 NPSs in Japan have suspended operation (red)
TEPCO Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPS Tohoku EPCO Higashidori NPS
Hokkaido EPCO Tomari NPS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
1 2 3
Hokuriku EPCO Shiga NPS
1 2 Tohoku EPCO Onagawa NPS
JAPC Tsuruga Power Station 1 2 3
1 2
KEPCO Mihama Power Station
1 2 3
TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi NPS
KEPCO Ohi Power Station
5 6
1 2 3 4
KEPCO Takahama Power Station TEPCO Fukushima Daini NPS
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Chugoku EPCO Shimane NPS
JAPC Tokai No. 2 NPS
1 2
Chubu EPCO Hamaoka NPS
Kyushu EPCO Genkai NPS 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 Shikoku EPCO Ikata Power Station
Kyushu EPCO
Sendai NPS 1 2
1 2 3
Output
NPS in operation
<0.5 million kW <1 million kW ≥1 million kW NPS not in operation
88

10. Dealing With Peak Power Shortages This Summer(figures indicate projections as of November 2011)
[Policy]
○Aim to avoid planned power outages and power usage restriction
○Support efforts to save energy and increase power supply capacity through the FY 2011 initial and
supplementary budgets (235.3 billion for direct measures to meet peak power demand and 579.4 billion in
total, including indirect measures) and regulatory reform (26 priority items)
[Three pillars]
(1) Increasing visibility of power use (shared saving targets, visualized power consumption with smart meters,
more price plans encouraging electricity saving)
(2) Promoting energy saving by electricity customers (demand structure reform)
(3) Supporting efforts to increase supply capacity involving diverse entities (supply structure reform)
Efforts to reduce demand
-16.56 mil. kW Increasing visibility of
power use
(-9.2%)
Diversifying
price plans, etc. Reducing demand
Up to 9.80 million kW
7.10 million kW
Promoting energy saving by
electricity customers
(budget measures, etc.)
2.70 million kW
Supporting efforts to increase supply capacity
involving diverse entities
( budget measures, etc.) 2.33 million kW
Increasing supply
Up to 6.42 million kW Supply measures by utilities
(Increasing thermal power capacity, installing
emergency power sources, etc.) 4.09 million kW
Peak power shortage announced on July 29 Efforts to increase supply capacity
9

11. Outline of the Government Action Plan for Energy Regulation and System Reform
○To responsibly implement measures to resolve the power shortage problem this summer, the government established the “Government Action Plan for Energy Regulation and System Reform.”
○The government will stress the implementation of 26 regulatory and system reform items.
○In principle, the conclusion should be reached by the end of FY 2011, followed by swift implementation.
Power system reform (9 items) Installation of renewable energies Energy saving promotion
- Promoting participation of diverse (9 items) (8 items)
entities for this summer - - Supply structure reform - - Demand structure reform -
(1) Solar power generation (1) Introduction of demand-side
(1) Increased use of distributed power measures for peak hours
・Review safety regulations under Electricity
sources ・Actively evaluate peak electricity measures
Business Act
- Promote installation of distributed power under the Energy Conservation Act
sources (e.g. self-generation, renewable ・Review of treatment under Factory Location Act
・Foster cooperation of suppliers on demand-
energies) and enhance neutrality and fairness (2) Wind power generation
side measures for peak hours
of power transmission and distribution to ・Consider reviewing technical guidelines for
support them examination of wind power plants in natural
・Essentially reduce the burden of the “self-generation parks (2) Expanded use of storage batteries
backup contract,” which is needed to prepare for a ・Improve institutional environment for offshore ・Review regulations concerning the handling
failure of self-generation
wind power generation of lithium-ion batteries under the Fire and
・Lower the imbalance fees imposed based on the rule Disaster Management Act
that generated power be equal to demand at all times
(3) Geothermal power generation ・Permit use of lithium-ion batteries as
・Use utility grids to effectively use excess self-generated
emergency power sources
power ・Clarify permission requirements under location
・Implement wide-area operation of power transmission regulation pursuant to the Natural Parks Act
・Establish rules to give priority to renewable energies for ・Establish the concept of judgment criteria for (3) Enforcement and reinforcement of
connection and power supply
drilling permission under the Hot Springs Act energy conservation regulations
(2) Promotion of smart meter installation
mainly in the private sector
and flexible electricity price plans (4) Small hydro power generation and ・Review energy conservation standards for
・Provide flexible price plans to further motivate biomass houses and buildings
customers to reduce peak-hour consumption and save
・Enhance the housing/building labeling
energy (5) Common items
・Establish an institutional framework to accelerate smart
system
meter installation in accordance with a five-year
・Facilitate adjustment of the use of farmland and ・Phase in mandatory conformance to energy
intensive installation plan woodland for promoting renewable energy conservation standards for houses and
・Standardize the smart meter interface installation in rural villages under the new act to buildings under the Energy Conservation
(3) Cost reduction by invigorating the promote renewable energies in rural villages Act
wholesale market ・Review permission requirements and standards
・Use extra power generation capacity of wholesale utilities for national forests
(4) Promotion of the effective use of
and IPPs ・Clarify the handling of renewables installation in
local government action plans for global warning thermal energy
・Establish systems for thermal energy use
prevention measures 10

12. Risk of Electricity Cost Increase Due To the Use of Alternative Fuels
<Conceptual image> Maximum supply Reduction in supply
capacity capacity due to shutdown
Capacity margin of nuclear power plants (1) Peak power shortage
(2) Cost increase due to
substitution of thermal
power generation
Thermal power
generation, etc. Thermal power
generation will Substitution of thermal power
Nuclear power generation be used as a generation
substitute if
Daytime
Night
Morning
Morning
Daytime
Night
nuclear power
generation is
not operated Nuclear power generation
(shut down)
Estimation of additional fuel costs arising from the substitution of thermal power generation, assuming that LNG-
/oil-fired thermal power generation substitutes the entire generation capacity (approx. 280 billion kWh) of
nuclear power plants operated at a level equal to FY 2009
○Risk of a fuel cost increase of approx. more than 3 trillion (about 20% of Japan’s electricity expenses of
approx. 15 trillion)
○Factors of increasing overall social costs, e.g. installation of self-generation systems by customers and
installation of emergency power sources, aside from the cost increase due to the use of alternative fuels
<Two measures>
(1) Reducing total demand
(2) Improving management efficiency of electric utilities 11

13. Measures to Curb Electricity Cost Increase
Reducing total demand through Improving management efficiency of
energy saving electric utilities
(1) Introducing energy management systems <Actions by electric utilities>
(HEMS/BEMS)
○Reducing procurement costs
(2) Promoting installation of energy-/power-saving
equipment (efficient boilers, efficient air ○Improving management efficiency
conditioners, building insulation, double-paned ・ Taking action considering the points identified in the
windows, etc.) “TEPCO Management and Finance Investigation
Committee Report”
(3) Promoting investment to increase production
capacity for LED lights and other energy-saving
products/parts <Actions by the government>
○To promptly review the electricity fee system and its
(4) Encouraging industries, businesses, and implementation, the government formed an “Expert
households to save electricity Panel for the Review of the Electricity Fee System and
Its Implementation” and compiled a report in March
＋ 2012. The fee calculation rules and the fee examination
procedure were revised in FY 2011.
○Efforts toward peak shaving (e.g. visualizing
power consumption) also have a great potential ○The validity of fees set by individual utilities will be
to contribute to reductions in total demand checked with improvement of management efficiency as
because they lead to rational behavior to save a major precondition.
electricity
12

14. Supply-demand Balance Projections for Electric Utilities
Projections for the electricity supply-demand balance this summer
the Electricity Supply-Demand Verification Committee
Supply-demand balance projections, assuming a summer as hot as in 2010, economic conditions in 2012,
and established effects of electricity saving measures
※Included the electricity saving effects of supply and demand adjustment contracts
※The light blue number take account of 3% capacity margin.
Central
Country Kansai Kyushu Hokkaido Shikoku Hokuriku Tohoku Chugoku Tokyo Chubu Eastern
& Western
supply-demand gaps
25 ▲445 ▲36 ▲10 2 20 53 53 251 137 ▲269 294
(in 10,000s kW)
13

15. ３. Rethinking the Basic Energy Plan
14

16. Current Basic Energy Plan (Cabinet decision in June 2010)
○The government established a new “Basic Energy Plan” in June 2010. Considering increased public interest in
global warming issues, it seeks to significantly improve the energy self-sufficiency ratio (from approx. 18% to
approx. 40%) by 2010 and reduce energy-related CO2 emissions by 30% by 2030 by mobilizing all policy
measures, including the construction of new/additional nuclear power plants.
Targets for 2030
○Double the energy self-sufficiency ratio and the self-developed fossil fuel supply ratio
(*thereby increasing the energy independence ratio from 38% to about 70%)
○Raise the zero-emission power source ratio from 34% to about 70%
○Reduce CO2 emissions from people‟s lives (residential sector) by half
○Maintain and enhance energy efficiency in the industrial sector at the highest level in the world
○Allow Japanese companies to obtain leading shares of global markets for energy-related products
Measures to achieve the targets
Comprehensive efforts to secure resources and enhance supply stability Establishment of a low carbon energy demand structure
○ Deepening strategic relationships with resource-rich countries through public- ○ Maintaining and enhancing the world’s most advanced energy efficiency (business
private joint efforts sector)
○ Raising the self-sufficiency ratio of strategic rare metals to more than 50% etc. ○ Making net-zero-energy houses/buildings available by 2030
○ Replacing 100% of lights with highly efficient lights (LED etc.) by 2020 on a sales
basis and by 2030 on an installation basis
○ Raising next-generation vehicles’ share of new vehicle sales to up to 50% by 2020
Establishment of an independent and environmentally friendly
and up to 70% by 2030
energy supply structure etc.
○ Expanding the feed-in tariff system for renewable energy and promoting deregulation
○ Promoting nuclear power generation Creating a new energy society
New/additional reactors: 9 by 2020, 14 or more by 2030
○ Demonstrating smart grids and smart communities in Japan and abroad etc.
Capacity utilization rate: 85% by 2020, 90% by 2030
○ Improving the efficiency of coal-fired thermal power generation etc.
Promotion of international business expansion in the
Development and diffusion of innovative energy technologies energy and environment sector
15

17. Developing the Strategy From Scratch (material for the third meeting of the Energy and Environment
Council on October 3)
○The current Basic Energy Plan adopted in June 2010 seeks to increase power dependence on
nuclear energy to more than half by 2030. This should be reviewed from scratch.
Energy saving
(in 100 millions of kWh)
12,000 GDP: 1.4-fold increase
by 2030
Power demand: 1-fold
10,239 Renewables
10,200 increase by 2030
etc.
＝
10,000 9% 9% Including about 30%
energy saving
21%
Renewables etc. 21%
8,000
26%
・14 new/additional reactors
・Improved capacity
utilization rate
(60.7% in 2007
6,000 approx. 90% in 2030)
28%
53% Nuclear 53%
Renewables
4,000 etc.
Fossil fuels
25%
66%
25% 25%
13% Natural gas
2,000 13% Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels
26%
59% 74% 13% 11% Coal
2% Oil etc.
0
1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2009 2030 Basic Energy Plan
First oil crisis 16

18. Past Developments and Future Plans ( material for the fifth meeting of the Energy and Environment Council
on December 21)
[Past developments] [Future plans]
December 21 (Wed): Energy and Environment Council (5th
June 7 (Tue): Energy and Environment Council formed as meeting)
a subgroup of the Council on the Realization of the New ○Adopted Basic policy for presenting options in the next spring.
Growth Strategy.
July 29 (Fri): Energy and Environment Council December 22 (Thu): Council on National Strategy and Policy (5th meeting)
○Adopted “Interim Compilation of Discussion Points for the Will incorporate policy in the “Strategy for the Rebirth of Japan”
Formulation of Innovative Strategy for Energy and the
Environment.”
・Decided the general direction of the strategy - a scenario to reduce Energy and Advisory Committee Atomic Energy Central
dependence on nuclear power and a shift to a distributed energy system. Environment for Natural Commission Environment
Resources and
Council ・Developing Council
Energy
・Discussing draft nuclear ・Developing draft
・Developing draft
green growth policy options options of climate
energy mix scenarios
strategy change measures
October 3 (Mon): Energy and Environment Council (3rd
meeting)
○Formed “Cost Estimation and Review Committee.”
Next spring: Energy and Environment Council
○Will present options of energy and environment strategies
 Fostering national debate
Advisory Committee Central Atomic Energy Central
Cost Estimation for Natural Atomic Energy Energy and Advisory Committee
Environment Commission Environment
and Review Commission for Natural
Resources and Environment Council
Council Resources and ・New
Committee Energy Council ・New global
Energy Framework for
Dec. 19  Dec. 20  Under ・Green Growth warming
 Dec. 9 ・Strategic Energy Nuclear Energy
Report Major discussion deliberation Strategy (draft) countermeasures
Draft report Plan of Japan (draft) Policy (draft)
points (draft)
Next summer: Energy and Environment Council
○Will adopt “An Innovative Strategy for Energy and Environment” 17

19. Highlights of the “Interim Compilation of Discussion Points for the Formulation of „An
Innovative Strategy for Energy and the Environment‟”
(prepared based on material for the second meeting of the Energy and Environment Council on July 29, 2011)
Basic philosophy 1: Three principles for achieving a new best mix of energy sources
Principle 1: Draw up a scenario for reducing dependence on nuclear energy
○The government will conduct a zero-basis reexamination of the present energy mix, in which nuclear power generation constitutes more than half the electric power supply.
○In other words, the government will enhance the safety of nuclear power plants and continue to use them but with reduced dependence.
○At the same time, the government will cultivate energy frontiers, such as increasing the percentage of renewable energies, drastically reforming the energy demand structure through energy-
saving efforts, and enhancing the clean use and efficiency of fossil fuels.
Principle 2: Develop a clear and strategic schedule in order to avoid energy shortfalls and price hikes
Principle 3: Conduct a thorough review of nuclear power policies and pursue a new vision
○When developing a specific scenario for reducing dependence on nuclear power, the government will comprehensively inspect nuclear policies.
○For how long and by how much should the government reduce dependence on nuclear power? How should the government handle new-generation nuclear technology R&D? What should it
do with back-end issues or nuclear fuel cycle policies? How should the government secure/foster technologies or human resources for attaining the world’s top class safety or maintain the
safety of existing nuclear power plants? How should the government enhance collaboration or cooperation with international organizations or foreign nations? The government will make these
issues clear.
Basic philosophy 2: Three principles for the realization of new energy systems
Principle 1: Seek to realize distributed energy systems
Principle 2: Seek to make international contributions as an advanced problem-solving nation
Principle 3: Take a multifaceted approach to the realization of distributed energy systems
Basic philosophy 3: Three principles for the formation of national consensus
Principle 1: Stimulate a national discussion to overcome the confrontation between the opposition to and
promotion of nuclear power generation
○The confrontation between the opposition to and promotion of nuclear power generation has blocked discussions and brought about an unfortunate gap between expert decisions and public
opinions.
○As for nuclear power plants consisting of existing technology, if people can agree with the idea that the government should reexamine the current Plan from scratch and reduce the
dependence on nuclear power, the national discussions will be developed with the theme of “realizing the scenarios for reducing nuclear dependence.”
○Such discussions should help effective energy choices in the future.
Principle 2: Verify objective data in developing the strategy
○The government should hold practical and concrete discussions by objectively verifying data, such as the cost of nuclear power generation and the amount of introducible renewable
energies.
○The Energy and Environment Council will set up the “Cost Estimation and Review Committee” for cost examination and reflect the results in the basic policy formulation scheduled at the year-
end.
Principle 3: Formulate innovative energy and environmental strategies while maintaining dialogue with a broad
range of citizens 18

20. Power Generation Cost Comparison Among Major Power Sources
(1) Nuclear (5) Distributed power
approx. (2) Coal & LNG (3) Wind & geothermal (4) Solar : 10-20 sources
9 or more in the 10 range 10 or less in some around 10-20
cases even now ○For large-scale installations, ○Even more attractive to
○Increases with fuel backup by auxiliary power
○Incurs social power consumers when
costs and CO2 ○Competitive even in at present supply or storage batteries is
costs, e.g. cost savings in electricity fees
to prepare for emission measures. if conditions are favorable. needed. (20 for households, 14
the risk of ○As competitive as ○The followinginstallations.apply
constraints
to large-scale for commercial/industrial
accidents. nuclear energy. ・Higher transmission costs for
50 customers) are
○8.9/kWh or wind power due to concentration
considered.
more of plants in Hokkaido and
Tohoku
・Constraints on geothermal heat,
[/kWh] e.g. concentration in natural
40 parks
<Legends> Upper limit
Upper limit
Lower limit
Lower limit 9.4- 38.9
2010
2030
model 23.1 ↑
25.1 20.1
30 2004 model ↓ 36.0 ↑
estimates 9.9- 8.6- ↑ （10％） 19.7
(before
17.3 23.1 22.1 deduction
↓ （50％） of heat
value)
8.8- 9.2-
20 11.6 A/C:
10.3 10.9 17.3 7.9-23.4
8.9- ↑ ↑ （2010=
33.4-
（2010=2030） 9.5 10.7 2030） 16.5 38.3
↓ Fridge:
10 9.9- 1.5-13.4
20.0 11.5
Incandesce
6.2 ↑ nt lamp
5.9 5.7 10.6  LED 0.1
0
Nuclear Coal-fired LNG-fired Wind power Wind power Geothermal Oil-fired Solar Gas cogeneration Energy
[70%/40 yr]
(new policy
scenario)
(new policy
scenario)
(onshore) (off-shore)
[80%/40 yr] [50% or 10% (residential) (before deduction saving
of heat value)
/40 yr] [12%/20 yr]
[80%/40 yr] [80%/40 yr] [20%/20 yr] [30%/20 yr] (30% in 2004 [70%/30 yr]
(35 yr in 2030 model)
[capacity utilization rate (%) /useful years ] estimates) 19

21. source: “Major discussion points toward the establishment of
General Direction of Major Discussion Points a new „Basic Energy Plan for Japan‟” on December 20, 2011)
(1) Perspectives required in rethinking the (3) Direction of energy policy reform
Basic Energy Plan
1. Realizing the world’s most advanced energy-
In the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake and the accident at saving society: Reform of the demand structure
TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi NPS, Japan’s review of the energy policy must
• Enhance energy conservation policies that include a peak-
place stronger emphasis on the following perspectives, with the highest
shaving approach
priority given to “ensuring public safety.”
• Build a flexible fee structure
• Form dispersal-based smart communities
1. Sustainable energy that earns public trust
(restoration of public confidence)
• Promote visible energy savings through HEMS/BEMS and
2. Energy policy that emphasizes the “demand side” reform work style and lifestyle by supplying information to
(demand structure reform by providing “options” [e.g. power sources] and consumers
appropriate incentives for energy and power saving; supply structure reform
from the demand side)
3. Energy policy that emphasizes “consumers” and “ordinary citizens” as
2. Realizing a distributed next-generation energy
well as “regional communities” system: Reform of the supply structure
(participation of “consumers,” “ordinary citizens,” and “regional communities” to • Achieve distributed next-generation systems that give
play leading roles; regional revitalization through the use of untapped energies) consumers various options and makes maximum use of various
4. Energy policy that supports national strength while making international supply capabilities (e.g., renewable energies, cogeneration,
contributions private power generation, etc.)
(maintaining and reinforcing Japan’s industrial competitiveness; ensuring • Reinforce and widen transmission and distribution networks
energy security, providing stable and inexpensive energy; Japan’s responsibility
• Ensure neutrality of the transmission sector
in the context of the international energy situation; a strong energy policy)
• Spread cogeneration and fuel cells
5. Energy policy that utilizes diverse power and energy sources
(overcoming vulnerabilities of a large-scale intensive power system; effectively
• Develop infrastructure for the use and interchange of unused
using energy throughout the market) heat in urban districts
• Expand the domestic supply network for natural gas and build a
(2) Desired energy mix disaster-resistant petroleum product supply structure
Further discussion will be held on the following basic directions: 3. Importance of technical innovation
1. Fundamental reinforcement of energy and electricity conservation • Maintain and reinforce the world’s most advanced energy
measures technologies
2. Accelerated development and use of renewable energies to the • Accelerate technical innovation
maximum degree possible • Implement joint public-private initiatives
3. Clean use of fossil fuels (e.g. shift to natural gas)
4. Reduced dependence on nuclear power wherever possible 20

22. Energy Mix in Major Countries: Composition of Power Generation by Energy Source
Nuclear Coal Oil Natural gas Renewables etc.
Japan U.S. Europe Korea China Germany France Italy Ukraine Slovakia
Source: EA “ Electricity Information 2010” “Energy Balances of OECD/Non-OECD Countries 2010”
In Europe, where interconnection of power and gas supply networks is more common, energy
security is ensured throughout the region. Europe’s composition of power generation by
energy source is similar to that of Japan.
21

23. Trends in Final Energy Consumption in Japan
(millions kL of crude oil equivalent) (trillions)
450 600
Real GDP Final energy
19732009 consumption
400
2.3-fold growth
500
350 1973→2009
Transport sector 23.7% 1.3-fold
300 400
growth
16.4%
Transport
250
19732009
18.1% Residential & Commercial sector 300 1.9-fold
200 33.6% growth
Residential &
19732009
Commercial
150 200
65.5% 2.4-fold
42.7%
100 Industry sector growth
100
50 19732009
Industry
0.85-
0 0 fold
1980
1984
2005
2009
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
growth
Sources: “Comprehensive Energy Statistics” and “Annual Report on National Accounts.”
22

24. Structure of the Energy Conservation Act (Act on the Rational Use of Energy)
The Energy Conservation Act, the basis of Japan’s energy conservation policy, was established in 1979 in
response to the oil crisis.
It calls for the improvement of energy efficiency in the industry, commercial/residential, and transport sectors.
●Companies whose energy consumption or transport capacity exceeds the specified level are
Factories, offices, required to submit periodical reports concerning the items below every year for review by the
carriers, consigners government.
(1) Changes in energy intensity (target: 1% on annual average)
(2) Implementation status of energy conservation measures (requiring actions contributing to energy
conservation in accordance with qualitative guidelines)
●For any company notably lacking in its energy conservation efforts, the government can disclose
the name and issue directives/orders (or fine in the event of violation).
●Manufacturers and importers of energy consuming equipment are required to meet high standards
Machinery & (Top Runner standards) in the target fiscal year (set about 3-10 years ahead) and to report
equipment
results in the target fiscal year so that the government can check the degree of
(Top Runner program)
achievement.
●If substantial improvement in performance is necessary, the government can disclose the name
and issue recommendations/orders (or fine in the event of violation).
Top Runner standards (23 product categories)
Designated products, including passenger vehicles, air conditioners, and TV sets, are required to provide,
in their own target year, performance equal to or more than that of the most superior product on the
market at the time of setting the standards.
[Past improvements in efficiency] passenger vehicle fuel efficiency: up 47% (from 1997 to 2009)
air conditioner energy efficiency: up 68% (from 1997 to 2004)
* In addition, the law provides for specific regulatory measures for houses and buildings.
23

25. Fossil fuels: International Comparison of Electricity Composition Among Major Countries
○ The global energy market (generated electricity) is dominated by the U.S. and China.
○ The 21st century’s energy supply is expected to be sourced mainly from fossil fuels, especially in developing
countries.
Renewables
etc.
Hydro
Nuclear
Gas
Coal
Oil
U.S. China Japan Canada Germany France
[Sources: OECD/IEA, “Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2010” and “Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries 2010,” 2008 results.]
24

26. Fossil Fuels : Technological Innovation Toward Zero Emissions
Efficiency of coal-fired power generation, by country: The efficiency of coal-fired
power generation in major countries remains low, leaving room for improvement.
Efficiency of coal-fired power generatio (LHV, %)
43
Japan
41
39 Germany
37 USA
35 China
33
Australia
31
India
29
27 Japan Germany USA China Australia India
25
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: Ecofys, “International Comparison of Fossil Power Efficiency (2008).”
25

27. Technological Innovation toward Zero Emission
International Joint Research and Demonstration on Oxifuel Combustion
At Callide A pulverized coal power station (generation capacity: 30MWe) in Central Queensland, Australia,
low-emission coal thermal power generation using Oxifuel Combustion Technologies will be demonstrated
toward practical application of CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) technology.
Project image Oxifuel Combustion is:
Technology to facilitate CO2 recovery by burning fuel such as
ST Smokestack coal using only oxygen to make CO2 the principal component of
G
Condenser Noncondensable gas exhaust gas from the boiler.
N2
Coal Dust collector
CO2 storage transportation equipment System
Air
O2
Boiler
P ・Oxygen generation (air separation) equipment is installed.
（N2, O2） CO2 liquefaction ・Exhaust gas is re-circulated and flame temperature is adjusted to
and recovery
Oxygen generator Re-circulated gas (mainly CO2） plant CO2 use existing boiler technology.
Underground storage
Features
・Applicable to both existing and new power plants
Oxifuel combustion Co2 recovery power generating system CO2 transportation/storage
・Has a potential to reduce CO2 recovery energy and costs
・Has a potential to reduce NOx emissions
Partners
Japan : Japan-Australia Oxifuel Combustion Demonstration
Project Japan Limited Liability Partnership(formed Project budget
by J-POWER, IHI and Mitsui & Co.)
JCOAL (Supporting Collaborator) About 225M Australian dollars (including subsidies from
Australia: CS Energy, Xstrata, Schlumberger, Japanese and Australian governments)
Australian Coal Association (ACA) Japan contributes 42M Australian dollars
(about 34B yen that is split between public and private
Schedule partners)
2008 – 2011 Retrofit of existing power station
2011 – 2013 Oxyfuel demonstration operation
2012 - 2014 CO2 injection and monitoring 26

28. The CCS Demonstration Test at the Tomakomai Site
Tomakomai Site
1. Sequence of Events Launch of EPC in 2012 fiscal year
（１） In 2008, by taking into account the presence or absence of data for existing wells with an excavated depth of
over 500 meters, the proposed sites for the CCS demonstration test were narrowed down from 115 to 7
sites.
（２） In 2009, taking into account whether a source of emissions was located in the vicinity, the sites were
Kitakyushu Site
narrowed down again to three candidates (offshore Tomakomai, offshore Nakoso-Iwaki, and offshore
Basic Survey Stage
Kitakyushu).
（３） Of the three sites, the survey at the Tomakomai site was the furthest ahead. Thus, based on the survey
results at the time, a technical evaluation was conducted. Concurrently, activities to promote the
understanding of CSS were carried out locally (holding forums etc.). In February of this year it was decided to
begin a trial implementation at the Tomakomai site starting in the 2012 fiscal year.
Nakoso-Iwaki Site
Survey currently halted due to Great East
Japan Earthquake
2. Future Plans
（１）Demonstration Test Overview
①Source of emissions ： oil refinery
②Separation and Recovery System ： chemical absorption method
③Injected amount ： 100 000 tones of CO2/year or more (injection period: approximately 3 years)
(Injected into two layers: Moebetsu Layer (depth of 1100m to 1200m) and Domestic location of the three proposed sites
Takinoue Layer (depth of 2400m to 3000m))
（２）Demonstration Test Schedule
①Measurement of
temperature, ② Measurement of
pressure etc. at temperature, pressure,
③Well bottom temperature, CO2 injection amount at
1styear 2ndyear 3rdyear 4thyear 5thyear 6thyear 7thyear 8thyear 9thyear pressure measurement wellead
wellhead
Vibration and natural earthquake
Engineering, Procurement observation
CO2 Supply Base Supply Operation
,Construction
④ Well bottom temperature,
Investiga- pressure measurement Port of Tomakomai
CO2 Injedtion Bsae Engineering, Procurement
tion Injection Operation
and Injection Well Phase
,Construction(Excavation)
⑤Periodic 2D and 3D elastic
⑦ Observation of vibrations and natural wave survey of ocean
Engineering, Procurement Pre-injection Observation During Post-injection earthquakes by land-based seismometer
Monitoring Observation
region
,Establishment Injection Observation installation
⑥Observation of seabed
⑧ Ocean monitoring system (Marine vibrations and natural
Pollution Prevention Law)
earthquakes（OBS, OBC）
Injection Monitoring Schematic Diagram 27

29. Energy Self-sufficiency Ratio and Energy Mix
Source: Excerpts from documents created by the IEA
Nuclear power is an important option for countries with a low energy self -sufficiency ratio
(i.e. with scarce domestic energy resources) 28

30. Energy Dependence on Specific Regions and Energy Mix
Nuclear energy-using
countries
Non-using countries
Crude oil import dependence on the Middle East
Gas import dependence on Russia Source: Excerpts from documents created by the IEA
Japan and Korea (which are heavily dependent on the Middle East for crude oil) and East
European countries (which are heavily dependent on Russia for gas) promote nuclear power.
29

31. ４. Renewable Energy
30

32. What is Renewable Energy?
Solar power
generation
Wind power generation
Other:
Hydroelectric Ocean energy, etc.
power generation
generation
Wave activated
Geothermal
Biomass
power generation
power generation
Courtesy of Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
power generation
Ocean current
提供：(財)エンジニアリング振興協会
提供：㈱ジャイロダイナミクス
Courtesy of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Sources: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, “Energy in JAPAN”; New Energy Foundation, “New Energy Award”; NEDO, “Best 100 New Energies”; etc. 31