Professor Masahiko Ozaki from the Division of Environmental Studies at the University of Tokyo presented a Global CCS Institute webinar on the outcomes of a study on shipping of CO2 that Chiyoda in partnership with the University of Tokyo has recently completed. Their project looked at using shuttle ships to transport CO2 to an offshore storage facility where CO2 storage in Japan is likely to be pursued for a demonstration of CCS. In this project, the team considered transport conditions that reflect the standard conditions of liquid CO2 in industry and then considered whether injection using a flexible riser without an offshore platform would be viable. They completed a preliminary economic analysis for a nominal 1 million tonnes per year injection for a range of distances between 200 and 1,600 km. The full report is available from: http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/preliminary-feasibility-study-co2-carrier-ship-based-ccs-phase-2-unmanned-offshore

1. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
Shuttle ship transport of CO2
Professor Masahiko Ozaki

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 Key Questions
 Background
 Feasibility study
o Objectives and assumptions
o Shuttle ship design
o Cargo tank design
o Flexible riser pipe
o Weather considerations
o Costs analysis
 Summary
OUTLINE 1

3. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 What are the major benefits of shuttle shipping for
Japan?
 Is shuttle shipping technically feasible?
 Is shuttle shipping economically feasible?
KEY QUESTIONS 2

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Considerations for CCS in Japan
 Many CO2 sources along the coast
 Difficult to secure a mass storage site
 High fishery activities near coast
 Abrupt deep water outside the coastal zone
Basic Concept
 Ship transport of CO2 from multiple sources to a medium
capacity storage site (mitigating source-sink matching)
 Buffer storage onshore only (avoidance of offshore tank storage)
 Direct Injection of CO2 from ship (deep water application)
BACKGROUND 3

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SIMPLE SKETCH OF SHUTTLE SHIP TRANSPORT
capture
liquefaction
buffer storage
loading shipping CO2 injection
4

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CO2 SHUTTLE SHIPPING APPLICATION
Daily Shuttle Shipping
Medium Capacity
Storage Site
CO2 Sources
along Coast
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7. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
CO2 SHUTTLE SHIPPING APPLICATION
Multiple Sources to Multiple Sites
Benefits include:
 Flexible routes
 Early start-up &
expansion of project
 Decoupling and
moving to another
site
6

8. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
FEASIBILITY STUDY OBJECTIVE
 Examine the technical and economic feasibility of
shuttle-type shipping and offshore injection from ship to the
well(s).
Global CCS Institute
Chiyoda Corp.
U. Tokyo
CRIEPI
JAMSTEC
Furukawa Electric
Mitsubishi Heavy Group
Sasebo Heavy Ind.
Chiyoda Corp.
NTT Data Institute of
Management Consulting
JANUS
Project Manager
Project Leader
Co-leader
Financial Support
7

9. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 Compression and liquefaction of CO2
 Temporary storage at port
 Offloading facilities
 Shuttle ship with Dynamic Positioning System and injection
equipment onboard
 Flexible riser pipe whose end is connected with the wellhead on
the sea floor
 Pickup system at site
FEASIBILITY STUDY SYSTEM COMPONENTS 8

10. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 Nominal injection capacity is 1.0 million ton-CO2 per
year
 Water depth at storage site is 500 meters, and the
distance between recovery plant and storage site is
200 km to 800 km
 No storage tanks are placed at the storage site
 CO2 is injected at 10MPa in pressure and 5 deg C in
temperature
FEASIBILITY STUDY ASSUMPTIONS 9

11. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 Loading capacity of a ship equals the amount of CO2
captured in a day, one day captured amount of 3000 ton
 For distances less than 200 km, one of two ships operates at
the offshore site on alternate days
 For distances between 400 and 800 km, four ships are used
in turn
CO2 SHUTTLE SHIP ASSUMPTIONS
Ship j th day (j+1)th day (j+2)th day
#1
load-
ing
to
site
*
CO2 injection
*
back
home
loading
to
site
#2
CO2
injection
back
home loading
to
site
CO2
injection
* : switching period of offshore operation
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12. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
CO2 SHUTTLE SHIP DESIGN
Lpp=89.6m,B=14.6m, D=6.9m, d=5.6m
Service velocity=15.0 knot
Side thruster 1,150 kW×2, Azimuth Propeller 3,000 kW×1
Power Generator 3,500 kW×2
Dynamic Positioning System is installed
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13. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 Cargo conditions of liquid CO2 in temperature and
pressure is set -10 deg C and 2.65 MPa
• The small to medium sized ships can hold reasonably high
pressure tanks for CO2 in mild low temperatures
• Energy cost for CO2 liquefaction can be reduced
• Heat treating process after forming a pressure tank and
expensive material use can be avoided
 Comparative study is carried out for the condition at
-20 deg C and 1.97 MPa
CARGO TANK ASSUMPTIONS 12

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 Type: Bi-lobe
 Number: 2 (tandem)
 Dia. of single cylinder=7.0m
 Length=27m
 Volume: 1,500m3(each)
 Design Temp: -10 degC
 Design Pressure: 3.1 MPa
o Necessary pressure for CO2
o as liquid phase= 2.65MPa
o Rise of pressure by Boil-off
o = about 0.1MPa after 3 days
 Material:
o Quenched and tempered carbon steel
for low temp.use
o Tensile strength 795N/mm2
o Yield strength 685N/mm2
CARGO TANK DESIGN
MIDSHIP SECTION
13

15. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 Positioning performance of DPS is checked with simulations.
Simulation Study on Dynamic Positioning System
VC = 1.0 m/s
μC = 90 deg
UW = 15.0 m/s
μW = 135 deg
UW = 15.0 m/s
μW = 180 deg
H1/3 = 3.0 m
T1/3 = 9, 13, 17 s
μ = 180 deg
μ
Y
X
Azimuth propeller Side thrusters
14

16. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 For CO2 direct injection from the ship to the well(s), a flexible pipe riser
pick up system is proposed.
FLEXIBLE RISER PIPE 15

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FLEXIBLE RISER PIPE
≪CO2 Carrier≫
Satellite
Communication
buoy
Pick up buoy
Pick up float
(Sheer mount)
Coupler winch
Riser end fitting
Bend stiffener
Sinker
Flexible riser + Umbilical cable
Pipe protector Anchor
Bend restrictor
Christmas tree
Signal & Battery charging wire
Mooring wire
Tele communication
Battery
Messenger line
Pick up
rope
Pick up wire
Transponder
16

18. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
FLEXIBLE RISER PIPE – PICK UP OPERATION
Pickup buoy
LCO2
carrier
ship
LCO2
carrier
ship
LCO2
cargo tank
Coupling
valve
Flexible
riser pipe
A-frame
Pickup wire
rope
17

19. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 Allowable sea conditions have been determined by
calculations and interviews with Captains of research
ships (3.0 m of the significant wave height)
 As a result, the offshore operability off Japan’s coast
is estimated above 90%
WEATHER CONSIDERATIONS
Fig. 3.5.2-1 RAO of Pitch
Fig. 3.5.2-2 Computational grid of hull
Numerical model of ship for
analyzing wave induced motion
Fig. 3.5.2-4 1/10 maximum expected response value of P
(Long crested irregular waves)
Fig. 3.5.2-5 1/10 maximum expected response value of P
(Short crested irregular waves)
18

20. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
FLEXIBLE RISER PIPE DESIGN
Table3.3-1 Construction of flexible pipe
Layer Thickness
(mm)
Outer diameter
(mm)
Material
Interlock carcass 5.5 163 Stainless steel
Inner pipe 6.7 176.4 High density PE
Inner pressure
armor
2.0" 2 184.4 Carbon steel
Tensile armor 2.0" 2 192.4 Carbon steel
Buoyant layer 51.8 295 Plastic tape
Outer sheath 7.0 309 High density PE
Table3.3-2 Main properties of flexible pipe
Weight in air 79.0 kg/m Empty in inner pipe
Weight in sea water 20.0 kg/m Filled with CO2
Burst pressure 76.7 MPa
Axial stiffness(EA) 1.05E+05 kN
Bending stiffness(EI) 94300 Nm2
Torsional stiffness(GJ) 8500 Nm2
/deg
Minimum bending radius 2.5 m 3.75m for reel winding
Allowable tensile force 820 kN
Outer Sheath
Buoyant Layer Tensile Armor Pressure Armor Inner Pipe
Interlock Carcass
19

21. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
Riser Configuration
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
-100 100 300 500
Length(m)
Depth(m)
near
neutral
far
W.D：500m Surface Current
v：0.75m/s
← v
FLEXIBLE RISER PIPE DESIGN
 Static and dynamic behaviour of flexible riser pipe due
to fluctuation of ship position, current, and waves are
estimated by numerical calculations
 As a result, the tensile strength, the minimum radius
of local curvature, and the fatigue life have been
confirmed within allowed range.
20

22. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 System is technically feasible
 Design considerations allow costs to be minimized
 Design considerations ensure offshore operability off
Japan’s coast at above 90%
KEY TECHNICAL FINDINGS 21

23. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 Cost analysis is done for 30 years of injection
 Assumed life of components is:
o 30 years for onshore plant and offshore facilities, and
o 15 years for shuttle ships
COST ANALYSIS 22

24. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
SCOPE OF WORK:
1. Onshore plant: CO2 tank, CO2 loading pump, loading arm and related
equipments
2. CO2 shuttle tanker including on-board CO2 injection pump, sea water
pump, CO2 heater, injection control system and winches
3. Offshore facilities: CO2 injection pipe, buoy
The following are out of scope.
 CO2 capture facilities
 CO2 compression and liquefaction facilities (The information is reported as references.)
 CO2 gathering pipelines
 CO2 loading berth
 CO2 well head equipment
 Pipelines between well head equipment and injection well
 CO2 injection wells
COST ANALYSIS 23

25. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
Case-2
(400-800 km)
Case-1
(200 km)
RESULTS OF COST ANALYSIS
Capital related+Operation+Management unit : yen/ton-CO2
1978
3330
400 1043 5352421
CO2 tank
& Loading
at port
CO2
shuttle
shipping
CO2
injection
Compression
& Liquefaction
(for reference)
400 2201 7292421
24

26. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
CO2 cargo cond.
-20degC, 1.97MPa
Base Case
CO2 cargo cond.
-10degC, 2.65MPa
RESULTS OF COST ANALYSIS
Influence of CO2 cargo condition (200 km) unit : yen/ton-CO2
1978
1856
400 1043 5352421
CO2 tank
& Loading
at port
CO2
shuttle
shipping
CO2
injection
Compression
& Liquefaction
(for reference)
293 1041 5222439
25

27. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
Sea water temp.
8 degC
Base Case
Sea water temp.
19degC
RESULTS OF COST ANALYSIS
Influence of sea water temp. at storage site (200 km)
unit : yen/ton-CO2
1978
2045
400 1043 5352421
CO2 tank
& Loading
at port
CO2
shuttle
shipping
CO2
injection
Compression
& Liquefaction
(for reference)
400 1110 5352421
26

28. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 System is economically feasible
 Necessary number of ships is step-wisely increased
according to distance and consequently the cost for
transport is as well
 Share of CO2 compression and liquefaction in total
cost is comparatively significant. Careful consideration
is needed because the utility charges, such as
electricity, are very influential to evaluate it
KEY ECONOMIC FINDINGS 27

29. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
 Offshore storage featuring CO2 shuttle ships has
major benefits for Japan
 Allows flexible operation linking multiple CO2 sources
and multiple offshore storage sites
 CO2 shuttle transport by a number of small to medium
sized ships is technically feasible
 Offshore injection using a flexible riser pipe is
technically feasible
 CO2 shuttle transport can be cost effective depending
on the distance from sources to storage sites
SUMMARY 28

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Masahiko Ozaki
The University of Tokyo
SHUTTLE SHIP TRANSPORT OF CO2

31. GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE WEBINAR
Full report available from:
http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/preliminary-
feasibility-study-co2-carrier-ship-based-ccs-phase-2-unmanned-
offshore