We are moving from closed, analogue innovation to an open, digital form. That was first seen with the creation of GNU/Linux, but is now driving exciting developments like open access, open data and open research. This presentation was given at the European Parliament in the context of the announcement of Horizon 2020 research programme.

3. transition from analogue to digital

4. *not* once in a lifetime

5. once in a *civilisation*

7. top-down

8. collaboration hard

10. what does open/digital innovation look like?

12. Linux (1991 – Linus Torvalds): operating system kernel

13. key inflection was August 1991, when Torvalds opened up his ”Linux” project using the Internet

16. adding more people to a project increases the probability that someone’s approach will match the problem in such a way that the solution is obvious (”shallow”) to that person

17. power of open innovation derives from its openness to all

19. launched November 2007

23. Public Library of Science (2001)

25. increases likelihood of others building on work

26. allows new discovery through text and data mining

27. allows schools to explore latest research

28. allows public to use what they have paid for

30. first "complete" human genome published 2001

31. first and biggest open data project

35. mashups - business, educational, general use

36. allows public to benefit from what they have paid for

39. there are too many galaxy images for experts: 10,000,000

42. another key part of 21st-century research process is use of computers: need to open that too

43. as well as results and data, release all research software produced as open source

44. allows researchers to check, and everyone to use