In this presentation explanation of the pathology in the endocrine system of the human. in this slides more details explanation about changes during disease of human organs.

2. KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL
UNIVERCITY
STUDENT INDIVIDUAL WORK
SUBMITTED TO - KAMYSHANSKIY Y.K.
SUBMITTED BY – GODARA MOTI LAL
GROUP NO. 3003
SUBJECT- Pathological Anatomy
Topic- Disorders of hypothalamic pituitary system

3. Disordersofhypothalamicpituitarysystem

4. HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY

5. Hypothalamus and Pituitary
 The hypothalamus-pituitary unit is the most
dominant portion of the entire endocrine
system.
 The output of the hypothalamus-pituitary
unit regulates the function of the thyroid,
adrenal and reproductive glands and also
controls somatic growth, lactation, milk
secretion and water metabolism.

6. Hypothalamus and Pituitary
 Pituitary function depends on the hypothalamus
and the anatomical organization of the
hypothalamus-pituitary unit reflects this
relationship.
 The pituitary gland lies in a pocket of bone at the
base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus
to which it is connected by a stalk containing
nerve fibers and blood vessels. The pituitary is
composed to two lobes-- anterior and posterior

7. Posterior Pituitary:
neurohypophysis
 Posterior pituitary: an outgrowth of the
hypothalamus composed of neural tissue.
 Hypothalamic neurons pass through the
neural stalk and end in the posterior pituitary.
 The upper portion of the neural stalk extends
into the hypothalamus and is called the
median eminence.

8. Anterior pituitary:
adenohypophysis
 Anterior pituitary: connected to the
hypothalamus by the superior hypophyseal
artery.
 The antererior pituitary is an amalgam of
hormone producing glandular cells.
 The anterior pituitary produces six peptide
hormones: prolactin, growth hormone (GH),
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing
hormone (LH).

9. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

10. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

11. Regulation
of
Hypothalamus

12. Anatomical and functional
organization

13. DISORDERS OF THE PITUITARY
GLAND
Dr. Belal M. Hijji, RN. PhD
May 2nd, 2012

14. 14

15. 15
Endocrine glands in the human head and neck and their hormones

16. 16

17. Hypopituitarism
 It is hypofunction of the pituitary gland.
 It results from disease of the pituitary gland itself (destruction
of the anterior lobe) or of the hypothalamus.
 Panhypopituitarism is total absence of all pituitary secretions
and is rare. Postpartum pituitary necrosis is more likely to
occur in women with severe blood loss, hypovolemia, and
hypotension at the time of delivery.
 Is a complication of radiation therapy. The total destruction of
the pituitary gland results in extreme weight loss, emaciation,
atrophy of all endocrine glands and organs, hair loss,
impotence, amenorrhea, hypometabolism, and hypoglycemia.
Coma and death may occur.
17

18. PituitaryTumors
 Are usually benign.
 Their location and effects on hormone production can be life
threatening.
18

19. Medical Management
 Radiation therapy.
 Surgical removal of the pituitary gland.
 It is the treatment of choice in patients with Cushing’s
syndrome due to excessive production of ACTH by a tumor
of the pituitary gland.
 Hypophysectomy may also be performed as a palliative
measure to relieve bone pain secondary to metastasis of
malignant lesions of the breast and prostate.
19

20. Hypothalamic releasing factors
for anterior pituitary hormones
 Travel to adenohypophysis via hypophyseal-
portal circulation
 Travel to specific cells in anterior pituitary to
stimulate synthesis and secretion of trophic
hormones

21. Hypothalamic releasing
hormonesHypothalamic releasing
hormone
Effect on pituitary
Corticotropin releasing hormone
(CRH)
Stimulates ACTH secretion
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
(TRH)
StimulatesTSH and Prolactin
secretion
Growth hormone releasing
hormone (GHRH)
Stimulates GH secretion
Somatostatin Inhibits GH (and other hormone)
secretion
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH)
Stimulates LH and FSH
secretion
Prolactin releasing hormone
(PRH)
Stimulates PRL secretion
Prolactin inhibiting hormone
(dopamine)
Inhibits PRL secretion

22. Anterior pituitary
 Anterior pituitary: connected to the
hypothalamus by hypothalmoanterior pituitary
portal vessels.
 The anterior pituitary produces six peptide
hormones:
 prolactin, growth hormone (GH),
 thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
 luteinizing hormone (LH).

23. Hypothalamus-pituitary axis

24. Oxytocin: uterine
contractions
 Reflexes originating in the cervical, vaginal
and uterus stimulate oxytocin synthesis and
release via neural input to hypothalamus
 Increases in plasma at time of ovulation,
parturition, and coitus
 Estrogen increases synthesis and lowers
threshold for release

25. ADH and
plasma
osmolality

26. ADH and
blood
pressur
e