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1 ST EXAMINATION

 COVER 2 CHAPTER
 CHAPTER 1& 2
1.2 UNDERSTANDING
BASE QUANTITIES AND
DERIVED QUANTITIES
               Physical Quantity

    Physical characteristic that can be measured




  Base Quantities              Derived Quantities
BASE QUANTITY
Quantities that cannot be
defined in terms of other
base quantities (5 only)
DERIVED QUANTITY
Physical quantities derived by combining base
 quantities by multiplication, division or both.
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
1.3 UNDERSTANDING SCALAR
   AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
SCALAR QUANTITY         VECTOR QUANTITY

 Quantities that have    Quantities that have
 magnitude but no        both magnitude and
 direction               direction
Consistency, Accuracy and
        Sensitivity
How to improve accuracy

 Take reading twice or more and the average
  value are calculated
 Avoid parallax error
 Avoid zero error
 Use high accuracy measuring instrument
PARALLAX ERROR
It occurs because the position of the eye
           is not perpendicular
      to the scale of the instrument.
How to avoid parallax error ?

1) To avoid ,position of the eye must be
   in line with the reading to be taken
2) To overcome parallax errors in
   instruments with a scale and pointer,
   e.g. an ammeter it is often useful to
   have a mirror behind the pointer.
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Vernier Calliper

                               Main scale


                               Vernier scale




Vernier Callipers reading
= Main scale + Vernier scale
= 2.7 + 0.06
= 2.76 cm
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Find zero error
Zero error = + 0.02 cm
Read the measurement.
Find the correct reading
Observed Reading = main scale + vernier scale
                 = (0.4 + 0.09) cm
                 = 0.49 cm

Corrected reading = observed reading – zero error
                  = 0.49 – (+ 0.02) cm
                  = 0.47 cm
Micrometer Screw Gauge




Ratchet Knob =Prevent the user from
              exerting too much pressure
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Positive zero error

        2 divisions below horizontal
        reference




                 Positive Zero error
                 = + 0.02 mm
Negative zero error

         3 divisions above horizontal
         reference




                  Negative Zero
                  error = - 0.03 mm
PENDULUM EXPERIMENT
Inference      The period of a simple pendulum is
               depends on its length


Hypothesis     The longer is the pendulum
               the longer is the period of its
               oscillation
Aim             To Investigate the relationship
               between length and period of a simple
               pendulum.
Variable:
Manipulated    -Length of the pendulum, l
Responding     -Period of the pendulum, T
       Fixed   -Mass of the pendulum bob, m
List of      Retort stand, coin,plasticine
apparatus    pendulum bob
and material

                                             coin



                 Retort stand


                                        pendulum
Procedures 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the
                 figure above.
             2. Measure the length of the pendulum,l
                 = 90.0 cm by using a meter rule.
             3. The bob of the pendulum was
                 displaced and released.
             4. Time of          20 oscillations is
                 measured by using a stop watch.
             5. Repeat the timing for another 20
                 oscillations. Calculate the average
                 time.Period = t oscillations
                               20
             6. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 using l =
                 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 70.0 cm and
                 80.0 cm
IMPORTANT REMINDER
WHEN YOU TABULATE DATA!!

     BEWARE WITH…
HOW TO TABULATE DATA

Length of         Time taken for 20
pendulum          complete          Period ,T T2 (s2)
, l(cm)           oscillation, t(s) =t /20 (s)
                  t1     t 2 Mean,t

90.0                  1)All data for manipulated and responding
                      variable must follow the accuracy of the instrument
80.0
70.0                  2)mean,t can be calculated using formula
                       (t1 + t2)/2 .the answer can be 2 or 3 decimal place
60.0
50.0

                                  Responding at second column
                                     (depends on question)
Manipulated at first column
1) Correct symbols and unit !!
Length of   Time taken for 20 complete Period , T2 (s2)
pendulum,   oscillation, t (s)           T
l(cm)                                    =t /20
            t1      t2         Average,t
                                         ( s)

90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
2) Don’t do calculation in the table!
Length of   Time taken for 20 complete oscillation, Period ,T=
pendulum    t/s                                     (t /20 )s
,l/cm       t1      t2      Mean,t
90.0        18.9    19.1  (18.9 + 19.1)            19.0 ÷ 20
                              2                    =0.950
                          = 19.0
80.0         17.9    17.9          17.9            0.895
70.0         16.8    16.8           16.8           0.840
60.0         15.6    15.6           15.5           0.775
50.0         13.9    14.1           14.0           0.700
3) decimal place must be
       consistent column by column!!
Length    Time taken for 20           Period , T2 (s2)
of        complete oscillation, t/s   T
pendulu   t1     t2        Mean,      =t /20 s
m,L/cm                     t
90.0        19.1   19      19.0       0.950
80.0       17.9     17.9   17.9       0.895
70.0       16.8     16.8   16.8       0.840
60.0       15.6     15.5   15.5       0.775
50.0       15.6     14.0   14         0.700
Discussion   Precautions :
             1.    Oscillation time is measured
             when the pendulum attained a
             steady state.
             2.    Time for 20 oscillations is
             repeated twice to increase
             accuracy.
Conclusios   The period increases when the
             length of the pendulum increases.
             Therefore, hypothesis accepted.
IMPORTANT REMINDER
           WHEN YOU PLOT GRAPH!!

                 BEWARE WITH…

1)Title of graph must be shown
2) Suitable scale
      - scale must start from zero
      - cannot skip scale
2) Correct symbols and units
3) Correct plot
4) Smooth line
5)Line passing y-axis (do extrapolation)
6) More than 50% of the graph paper
How to analyze the data
a) determine the relationship between
              2 variables
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
rate of change of   rate of change of
     distance         displacement




                                   ms-1
     ms -1
Average of speed = total distance travel,s
 (m)
                    time taken,t (s)
                 = ms-1

Average of velocity = total displacement,s(m)
                        time taken,t(s)
                    = ms-1
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Method of calculation
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Determination of acceleration

u = 3/0.2 = 15.0cms-1
                                  v
v = 8/0.2 = 40.0 cms-1   8

 t = (6-1) x 0.2 = 1s    7

                         6

                         5
a    = v-u               4
                             u
        t                3


    = 40.0 – 15.0        2

                         1
          1              0

    = 25.0 cms-2
The equation of motion
s : displacement, (m)
u : initial velocity (ms-1)
v : final velocity (ms-1)
a : acceleration(ms-2)
t : time,(s)
5 important formula
        (must memorize)
   v −u                 1 2
a=              s = ut + at
     t                  2

v = u + at      v = u + 2as
                 2    2



   1
s = (u + v )t
   2
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Exercise
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
The force acted on the trolley is 120 N. The luggage has a
                         mass of 20 kg.




(a) What is the weight of the luggage ?                  [1
   mark ]
(b) In the space below draw the components of force 120 N for
                                                         [1
   mark ]
 (i) Determine the values of the vertical component [ 2 marks ]
 (ii) Calculate the force acted on the ground
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
EXAMPLES 1:
  An astronaut has a mass of 75 kg.
   What is his weight if
 He is on the surface of the Earth
   where the gravitational field strength
   is 9.8 N kg-1 ?
c) he is on the surface of the Moon
   where the gravitational field strength
       1
   is 6 of that on the surface of the
   Earth?
SOLUTION :
a)   On the surface of the Earth,
  his weight, W = m x g
                         = 75 x 9.8
                         = 735 N
    On the surface of the Moon, gravitational field strength, g
     = x 9.8 N kg-1
                     1
     his weight, W = 6 x g
                     m
                              9 .8
                     = 75 x
                               6
                     = 122.5 N
EXAMPLES 2: (SPM ‘ 03)

    The figure shows a marble, a
    razor blade and a piece of
    paper being released at the
    same time in a vacuum
    cylinder.
    Which object will reach the
    base first?
ANSWER 2:
 All three objects will reach the base at
   the same time.
 ( all three objects are falling with the same
   gravitational acceleration)
EXAMPLES 3: (SPM ‘ 03)



  A stone is dropped from a height of 8 m
  above the surface of the Moon. Calculate
  the time taken for the stone to reach the
  surface of the Moon.
 [Moon’s gravitational acceleration = of 1
  Earth’s gravitational acceleration]       6
Solution:

                             1
          s = ut +       gt2 2
SOLUTION 3:
s = ut +
           1 gt2
      1    21
8=0+  2      6X    X 9.8 X t2

t = 3.13 s
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Answer…
 a) speed is the rate of distance travelled
  (1m)
 b)the speed limit is to reduce the
  momentum of heavy vehicles to ensure that
  they are able to stop within a safe distance
  during the accidents
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)
Design toy car
 (ii) Using the suitable physics concepts, you are required to
  give some
 suggestions on designing a toy car. Explain
 your suggestions based on the
 following aspects ;
 - density of the toy car parts
 - engine power
 - spring in suspension system
 - size of tyre
 - the designs of the spring


    [10 marks]
Modification Explanation
Low density of motorcycle
parts
So that it is lighter
High engine power To produce high
acceleration//
high resultant force
High spring constant // stiffer
spring
So that the spring is stiffer //
motorcycle bounce less // less
vibration
Wide tyre // smooth tyre To increase
stability // to reduce
friction
8
Total
Wish u all,
All the best…
      &
Good luck!!!

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Physics Note! ( Chap. 1&2)

  • 1. 1 ST EXAMINATION  COVER 2 CHAPTER  CHAPTER 1& 2
  • 2. 1.2 UNDERSTANDING BASE QUANTITIES AND DERIVED QUANTITIES Physical Quantity Physical characteristic that can be measured Base Quantities Derived Quantities
  • 3. BASE QUANTITY Quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other base quantities (5 only)
  • 4. DERIVED QUANTITY Physical quantities derived by combining base quantities by multiplication, division or both.
  • 9. 1.3 UNDERSTANDING SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES SCALAR QUANTITY VECTOR QUANTITY Quantities that have Quantities that have magnitude but no both magnitude and direction direction
  • 11. How to improve accuracy  Take reading twice or more and the average value are calculated  Avoid parallax error  Avoid zero error  Use high accuracy measuring instrument
  • 12. PARALLAX ERROR It occurs because the position of the eye is not perpendicular to the scale of the instrument.
  • 13. How to avoid parallax error ? 1) To avoid ,position of the eye must be in line with the reading to be taken 2) To overcome parallax errors in instruments with a scale and pointer, e.g. an ammeter it is often useful to have a mirror behind the pointer.
  • 17. Vernier Calliper Main scale Vernier scale Vernier Callipers reading = Main scale + Vernier scale = 2.7 + 0.06 = 2.76 cm
  • 20. Zero error = + 0.02 cm
  • 21. Read the measurement. Find the correct reading
  • 22. Observed Reading = main scale + vernier scale = (0.4 + 0.09) cm = 0.49 cm Corrected reading = observed reading – zero error = 0.49 – (+ 0.02) cm = 0.47 cm
  • 23. Micrometer Screw Gauge Ratchet Knob =Prevent the user from exerting too much pressure
  • 25. Positive zero error 2 divisions below horizontal reference Positive Zero error = + 0.02 mm
  • 26. Negative zero error 3 divisions above horizontal reference Negative Zero error = - 0.03 mm
  • 27. PENDULUM EXPERIMENT Inference The period of a simple pendulum is depends on its length Hypothesis The longer is the pendulum the longer is the period of its oscillation Aim To Investigate the relationship between length and period of a simple pendulum. Variable: Manipulated -Length of the pendulum, l Responding -Period of the pendulum, T Fixed -Mass of the pendulum bob, m
  • 28. List of Retort stand, coin,plasticine apparatus pendulum bob and material coin Retort stand pendulum
  • 29. Procedures 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above. 2. Measure the length of the pendulum,l = 90.0 cm by using a meter rule. 3. The bob of the pendulum was displaced and released. 4. Time of 20 oscillations is measured by using a stop watch. 5. Repeat the timing for another 20 oscillations. Calculate the average time.Period = t oscillations 20 6. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 using l = 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 70.0 cm and 80.0 cm
  • 30. IMPORTANT REMINDER WHEN YOU TABULATE DATA!! BEWARE WITH…
  • 31. HOW TO TABULATE DATA Length of Time taken for 20 pendulum complete Period ,T T2 (s2) , l(cm) oscillation, t(s) =t /20 (s) t1 t 2 Mean,t 90.0 1)All data for manipulated and responding variable must follow the accuracy of the instrument 80.0 70.0 2)mean,t can be calculated using formula (t1 + t2)/2 .the answer can be 2 or 3 decimal place 60.0 50.0 Responding at second column (depends on question) Manipulated at first column
  • 32. 1) Correct symbols and unit !! Length of Time taken for 20 complete Period , T2 (s2) pendulum, oscillation, t (s) T l(cm) =t /20 t1 t2 Average,t ( s) 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0
  • 33. 2) Don’t do calculation in the table! Length of Time taken for 20 complete oscillation, Period ,T= pendulum t/s (t /20 )s ,l/cm t1 t2 Mean,t 90.0 18.9 19.1 (18.9 + 19.1) 19.0 ÷ 20 2 =0.950 = 19.0 80.0 17.9 17.9 17.9 0.895 70.0 16.8 16.8 16.8 0.840 60.0 15.6 15.6 15.5 0.775 50.0 13.9 14.1 14.0 0.700
  • 34. 3) decimal place must be consistent column by column!! Length Time taken for 20 Period , T2 (s2) of complete oscillation, t/s T pendulu t1 t2 Mean, =t /20 s m,L/cm t 90.0 19.1 19 19.0 0.950 80.0 17.9 17.9 17.9 0.895 70.0 16.8 16.8 16.8 0.840 60.0 15.6 15.5 15.5 0.775 50.0 15.6 14.0 14 0.700
  • 35. Discussion Precautions : 1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady state. 2. Time for 20 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy. Conclusios The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases. Therefore, hypothesis accepted.
  • 36. IMPORTANT REMINDER WHEN YOU PLOT GRAPH!! BEWARE WITH… 1)Title of graph must be shown 2) Suitable scale - scale must start from zero - cannot skip scale 2) Correct symbols and units 3) Correct plot 4) Smooth line 5)Line passing y-axis (do extrapolation) 6) More than 50% of the graph paper
  • 37. How to analyze the data a) determine the relationship between 2 variables
  • 40. rate of change of rate of change of distance displacement ms-1 ms -1
  • 41. Average of speed = total distance travel,s (m) time taken,t (s) = ms-1 Average of velocity = total displacement,s(m) time taken,t(s) = ms-1
  • 46. Determination of acceleration u = 3/0.2 = 15.0cms-1 v v = 8/0.2 = 40.0 cms-1 8 t = (6-1) x 0.2 = 1s 7 6 5 a = v-u 4 u t 3 = 40.0 – 15.0 2 1 1 0 = 25.0 cms-2
  • 47. The equation of motion s : displacement, (m) u : initial velocity (ms-1) v : final velocity (ms-1) a : acceleration(ms-2) t : time,(s)
  • 48. 5 important formula (must memorize) v −u 1 2 a= s = ut + at t 2 v = u + at v = u + 2as 2 2 1 s = (u + v )t 2
  • 53. The force acted on the trolley is 120 N. The luggage has a mass of 20 kg. (a) What is the weight of the luggage ? [1 mark ] (b) In the space below draw the components of force 120 N for [1 mark ]  (i) Determine the values of the vertical component [ 2 marks ]  (ii) Calculate the force acted on the ground
  • 55. EXAMPLES 1:  An astronaut has a mass of 75 kg. What is his weight if  He is on the surface of the Earth where the gravitational field strength is 9.8 N kg-1 ? c) he is on the surface of the Moon where the gravitational field strength 1 is 6 of that on the surface of the Earth?
  • 56. SOLUTION : a) On the surface of the Earth, his weight, W = m x g = 75 x 9.8 = 735 N  On the surface of the Moon, gravitational field strength, g = x 9.8 N kg-1 1 his weight, W = 6 x g m 9 .8 = 75 x 6 = 122.5 N
  • 57. EXAMPLES 2: (SPM ‘ 03) The figure shows a marble, a razor blade and a piece of paper being released at the same time in a vacuum cylinder. Which object will reach the base first?
  • 58. ANSWER 2:  All three objects will reach the base at the same time. ( all three objects are falling with the same gravitational acceleration)
  • 59. EXAMPLES 3: (SPM ‘ 03) A stone is dropped from a height of 8 m above the surface of the Moon. Calculate the time taken for the stone to reach the surface of the Moon. [Moon’s gravitational acceleration = of 1 Earth’s gravitational acceleration] 6 Solution: 1 s = ut + gt2 2
  • 60. SOLUTION 3: s = ut + 1 gt2 1 21 8=0+ 2 6X X 9.8 X t2 t = 3.13 s
  • 68. Answer…  a) speed is the rate of distance travelled (1m)  b)the speed limit is to reduce the momentum of heavy vehicles to ensure that they are able to stop within a safe distance during the accidents
  • 73. Design toy car  (ii) Using the suitable physics concepts, you are required to give some  suggestions on designing a toy car. Explain  your suggestions based on the  following aspects ;  - density of the toy car parts  - engine power  - spring in suspension system  - size of tyre  - the designs of the spring [10 marks]
  • 74. Modification Explanation Low density of motorcycle parts So that it is lighter High engine power To produce high acceleration// high resultant force High spring constant // stiffer spring So that the spring is stiffer // motorcycle bounce less // less vibration Wide tyre // smooth tyre To increase stability // to reduce friction 8 Total
  • 75. Wish u all, All the best… & Good luck!!!