2. Lipid, Steroids, cholesterol synthesis

3. Ca2+ storage

4. Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

5. Detoxification of alcohol and drugs via hydroxylation

6. Endomembrane System

7. Movement can occur anterograde and retrograde

8. Rough ER

9. Lipid synthesis

10. Rough = ribosomes studded on the membrane of the ER

11. Important for synthesizing proteins.

12. All endomembrane proteins, secreted proteins, plasma membrane proteins are generated in the lumen of the ER

13. Cytosolic proteins are made in the cytosol by free ribosomes

14. Post translational modifications

15. N-glycosylation

16. N-glycosylation is the addition of oligosaccharides to terminal nitrogen of an asparagine amino acid. This process begins in the rough ER

17. Reducing environment of the RER allows for disulfide bonds to be made.

18. Chaperone proteins

19. Needed to complete protein folding so protein can function properly. They bind to proteins to allow for 2, 3, 4 structures

20. Calnexin

21. Calreticulin

22. Lipid Synthesis

23. Cytosolic side of RER or ER because that’s where the enzymes are

24. Slide 4

25. Fatty acyl Coenzyme A and glycerol-3-phosphate

26. As lipids are generated, phosphotitic acid is generated as fatty acids are taken from fatty acyl CoA and put them on G3P

27. Acyl transferase is involved in transferring fatty acids to GP to generate Phosphotitic acid which is then embedded into the membrane.

28. Hydrophobic fatty acids help embed phosphotitic acid into membrane

29. Other enzymes generate the subsequent phospholipids in the membrane

30. Phosphotase that takes off Pi form phosphositic acid that makes diacyl glycerol that is an important signaling molecule

31. Diacyl glycerol has signal regions in hydrocarbon regions but when flipped, exposed to luminal side.

32. Phosphotidle chloline

33. CDP

34. Cytodine di/bis phosphate that is joined to diacyl glycerol by this enzyme, cholin phospho transferase, transferase takes component of molecule and transfer to another

35. Phosphotidal choline embedded into membrane after being converted form diacyl glycerol

36. ____________________________________________

37. As phospholipids are generated, phosphoatic acid (listen to lecture 11:50)

38. Fatty acyl coenzyme A

39. Acyl transferase >>> G3P

40. Glycerol-3-phosphate

41. CDP – cytodine-di/bis-phosphate

42. Joined to diacyl glycerol by choline-phopho-transferase

43. CPH – converts diacyl glycerol to

44. Phosphoticid acid – ph

45. _____________________________________________________________________

46. Slide 5

47. Family of Flippases

48. Proteins called scramblases

49. Phospholipid Transporters

50. can flip phospholipids in only one direction but at other times, flip back and forth

51. Golgi Stack

52. Post translational modifications of proteins

53. Three regions

54. Cis region

55. N-glycosylation

56. Medial region

57. Phosphorylation

58. O-glycosylation

59. Oligosaccharides placed onto the O of OH on a serine/threonine

60. Trans region

61. Made of flattened cisternae

62. Sugars on the proteins also protect the protein from degredation

63. N and O glycosylation is done on phospholipids of lysosomes because they are exposed to harsh environments/ enzymes in the lysosomes

64. Receptors that recognize specific signal sequences in transport vesicles.

65. As vesicles bud, they are trafficked to specific organelle, plasma membrane, or secreted.

66. Two types of movement from the golgi

67. Constitutive

68. Movement of lysosomal enzymes that are generated in ER then trafficked to golgi, then trafficked to lysosomes

69. Regulated

70. Intermittently

71. Specific signal stimulates synthesis

72. A regulated pathway

73. Transition vesicles take proteins that will undergo post-translational modification as well as then be tranfficked to particular regions after the golgi, then they move them to the golgi

74. From golgi to membrane, or organelles etc, are called secretory vesicles.

75. Lysosomes

76. Acid environment (5.5ish)

77. Made of more than 40 different enzymes that can break apart molecules that are no longer toxic to cell or can be reused by cells.

78. Nucleases

79. Nucleic acids to nucleotides

80. Proteases

81. Protieins to amino acids

82. Glycosidases

83. Disaccharides/polysaccharides to monosaccharides

84. Lipases

85. Phosphatases

86. Phosphates from protein groups

87. Sulfases

88. Break down sulfate groups

89. Phospholipases

90. Breaks down phospholpids

91. ATP hydrolysis and continual transport, active, of protons into lysosome.

92. Acidic environment is necessary for these enzymes

93. Requires energy to bring in H+

94. Contain Metabolic transporters

95. Pumps out individal materials, such as amino acids etc, into cytosol to be used by the cell

96. Need facilitated diffusion for this, a protein

97. Slide 11

98. Early endosomes are a sorting place for many components, they can act as a retrafficking/reuse receptor site that go to the membrane and bring ligands back to the cell, or continue to late endosomes, ~6.5ph as compared to cytosol 7ish

99. In late endosome, become more acidic 6ish, hydrolases are found in late endosomes, but less acidic that lysosomes

100. For complete degredation, late endosomes fuse with lysosomes and the lysosomes are sites with highly acidic environenment.

101. Vesicles undergo endocytosis

102. Endocytic vesicles are transported to early endosomes, a sorting place for many componenets

103. Can go to a late endosome which has a more acidic environment ~6

104. Mannose-6-phosphate receptors

105. Manose receptrs outside are recognized by this and when they are bound they bud to endosomes and released due to acidic environment and then are broken down. Carried to late endosome or lysosomes

106. Slide 12

107. Autophagy

108. Cell surrounds constituents within cytoplasm through outpocketing of endoplasmic reticulum around the outside of dead old or dying organelles and creates a vacuole called an autophagosome, and it fuses with lysosome to make an autophagolysosome and enzyme of that can degrade organelle.

109. Phagocytosis

110. Means for cell to extend pseudopodia out and around foreign particles, bacteria, dying cells, and engulfed and fused. Formed into a vacuole that is called a phagosomes.

111. They are trafficked and fused to lysosomes to make a phago-lysosome.

112. Now the organelle can digest foreign material

113. Isolated organelles self-repliacate

114. Peroxisomes have characteristics of both categories of organelles

115. Can bud off of endomembrane system

116. Undergo fission event that allows the cell to make more of them, making them isolated organelles

117. Peroxisomes are:

118. Like lysosomes

119. Have an oxidative rather than acidic environment

120. Oxidizes particular constituents in cell that are toxic or to byproductst that are not toxic to be used

121. Catalase alters H2O2 so the cell can handle it.

122. Breaks down to H20 and O2

123. Take off H from organic compounds and generate H20 and an organic compound not damaging