Ch12&13 ageofimperialismparti

World History

Chapter 12 & 13
The New Imperialism
(1800–1914),
including the Spanish-
American War

One of several
journalists in
South Africa,
British writer
Rudyard Kipling
(bottom right)
considered
imperialism to be
beneficial to
Africans.

A Market for Goods A driving force behind imperialism was the desire for access to new
markets in which to sell goods. This British propaganda poster boasts that Africa would
become a gold mine for British-made products. Britain’s sense of national pride and
aggressive foreign policy during this period came to be known as jingoism.

What does this poster show about the British attitude toward Africa?

Missionary prayer
book in Korean

Chapter 12: The New Imperialism
(1800–1914)
Section 1: Building Overseas Empires

Section 2: The Partition of Africa

Section 3: European Challenges to the
Muslim World

Section 4: The British Take Over India

Section 5: China and the New Imperialism

Imperialism
Imperialism= One country’s domination of the political,
economic, and social life of another country

Imperialism in the 1800’s resulted from 3 key factors:

1. Nationalism prompted rival European nations to build empires in their
competitive quests for power.

2. The Industrial Revolution created a tremendous demand for raw
materials and expanded markets, which prompted industrialized
nations to seek new territories.

3. Both religious fervor and feelings of racial and cultural superiority
inspired Europeans to impose their cultures on distant lands.

Political Rivalries
In the mid-1800’s European countries saw themselves as actors on
the world stage, and each country wanted to play a starring role.

The key players were: Austria-
Hungary, England, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman
Empire/Turkey.

Great Britain France

Belgium Italy Holland Spain Portugal

Desire for New Markets
• Factories ranging from The United States to Europe
consumed raw materials and churned out thousands
of manufactured goods.
• The Colonies provided new markets for the finished
products of the Industrial Revolution such as Tools,
Weapons, and Clothing.
India

Southeast
Asia
Africa

• Rubber • Cotton • Tin
• Copper • Jute • Spices
• Gold • Opium
• Exotic
• Diamonds
stuff

Seeking New
Opportunities
• Throughout the 1800’s European leaders
urged their citizens to move to far-off
colonies.
• The British for example emigrated to the far
corners of the globe in search of new jobs
not available at home, like Australia, and
New Zealand.
• Cecil Rhodes, most successful emigrant
during this time, made a fortune from gold
and diamond mining in southern
Africa, where he then went on to find a
colony that bore his name Rhodesia (now
Zimbabwe).
Cecil Rhodes and De Beers Continue to
Dominate Diamond Industry

Born in India, English writer
Rudyard Kipling witnessed British
imperialism firsthand. His 1899
poem “The White Man’s Burden”
summarizes his view of the duties
of imperial nations:
“Take up the White Man’s
burden—
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain,
To seek another’s profit,
And work another’s gain.”

Zulu King Cetshwayo

A nephew of Shaka, Cetshwayo was the
last of the great Zulu kings. He ruled a
disciplined army of about 40,000 men
until the British defeated him in 1879.

Why was Cetshwayo considered a threat
to British colonial interests?

Favoring Imperialism
“I contend that we are the first race in
the world and that the more of the world
we inhabit the better it is for the human
race. I contend that every acre added to
our territory provides for the birth of
more of the English race, who otherwise
would not be brought into existence . . . .
I believe it to be my duty to God, my
Queen and my country to paint the
whole map of Africa red, red from the
Cape to Cairo. That is my creed, my
dream and my mission.”
—Cecil Rhodes

Opposing Imperialism
“A Pink Cheek man came one day to our Council. . . and he told us of the King of the
Pink Cheek who . . . lived in a land over the seas. ‘This great king is now your king,’ he
said. This was strange news. For this land was ours. . . . We had no king, we elected our
Councils and they made our laws. With patience, our leading Elders tried to tell this to
the Pink Cheek. . . . But at the end he said, ‘This we know, but in spite of this what I
have told you is a fact. You have now a king . . . and his laws are your laws.’”
—Chief Kabongo of the Kikuyu in Kenya

Interesting thing
on news 2/3/10
@ stealing kids
from Haiti

• Growing numbers of missionaries were delegated
to the most remote corners of Africa and Asia by
the Catholic and Protestants.
• The main aspect of these missionaries was
thought that Christianity and Western civilization
could benefit and transform the world.
• These missionaries were not military based, but
did set out to change the people’s beliefs and
practices, as by building schools and hospitals.

Missionaries at Work Missionaries conduct a baptism ceremony in the Lower Congo in 1907.

In 1890, Chief Machemba of the
Yao people in East Africa wrote in
Swahili to a German officer:
“If it be friendship that you
desire, then I am ready for it . . .
but to be your subject, that I
cannot be. . . . I do not fall at your
feet, for you are God’s creature
just as I am.”
—Chief Machemba, Letter to
Herman von Wissman

Send in the missionaries, followed by merchants, and then, …
oh yes, the
military…

The Maxim Gun
Sir Hiram Maxim with his
invention, the Maxim machine gun.

Why were European armies often
able to defeat African or Asian
forces? Duh?

Indian princes and British army
officers play polo in 1880.

1

Causes of Imperialism
ECONOMIC INTERESTS POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS

Manufacturers wanted access to
natural resources. Merchant ships and naval vessels
Manufacturers hoped for new needed bases around the world.
markets for factory goods. Western leaders were motivated by
Colonies offered a valuable outlet for nationalism.
Europe’s growing population.

HUMANITARIAN GOALS SOCIAL DARWINISM

Many westerners felt concern for Many westerners viewed European
their “little brothers” overseas. races as superior to all others.
Missionaries, doctors, and colonial They saw imperial conquest as
officials believed they had a duty to nature’s way of improving the
spread western civilization. human species.

Forms of Imperialism
• Colony: territory that an imperial power
ruled directly through colonial officials.
• Protectorate: Had its own government, but
its policies were guided by a foreign power.
• Sphere of Influence: was a region of a
country in which the imperial power had
exclusive investment or trading rights.

Forms of Imperial Rule
SPHERES OF
COLONIES PROTECTORATES
INFLUENCE

The French In a A sphere of
practiced direct protectorate, local influence is an area
rule, sending rulers were left in in which an outside
officials to place but were power claimed
administer their expected to follow the exclusive
colonies. advice of European investment or
advisers. trading privileges.
The British
practiced an A protectorate costs The United States
indirect rule, using less to run than a claimed Latin
local rulers to colony and usually did America as its
govern their not require a large sphere of influence.
colonies. military presence.

The European belief that conquest was a way of improving the
human species was an example of

a) colonization.
b) imperialism.

c) Social Darwinism.

d) nationalism.

The United States claimed Latin America as

a) its colony. b) its sphere of influence.

c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory.

1

The New Imperialism
•Imperialism is the domination by one country of the
political, economic, or cultural life of another country or
region.
•Between 1500 and 1800, European states won empires
around the world. However, Europe had little influence on
the lives of the people of these conquered lands.

•By the 1800s, Europe had gained considerable power.
Encouraged by their new economic and military
strength, Europeans embarked on a path of aggressive
expansion that today’s historians call the “New
Imperialism.”

1

The Successes of Imperialism
In just a few decades, imperialist nations gained
control over much of the world. Western imperialism
succeeded for a number of reasons:
• 1. While European nations had grown stronger in the
1800s, several older civilizations were in decline.

• 2. Europeans had the advantages of strong
economies, well-organized governments, and
powerful armies and navies.

• 3. Europeans had superior technology and medical
knowledge.

Locate
(a) Algeria
(b) Belgian Congo
(c) Ethiopia

Region
In which part of
Africa were most of
France’s colonies
located?

Make Comparisons
How did
imperialism in
Africa in 1850
compare with that
in 1914?

Ethiopia Survives
One ancient Christian kingdom in East Africa, Ethiopia,
managed to resist European colonization and maintain its
independence. Like feudal Europe, Ethiopia had been divided
up among a number of rival princes who ruled their own
domains. In the late 1800s, however, a reforming
ruler, Menelik II, began to modernize his country. He hired
European experts to plan modern roads and bridges and set
up a Western school system. He imported the latest weapons
and European officers to help train his army. Thus, when Italy
invaded Ethiopia in 1896, Menelik was prepared. At the
battle of Adowa , the Ethiopians smashed the Italian
invaders. Ethiopia was the only African nation, aside from
Liberia, to preserve its independence.

Menelik II

• Ethiopia is Abyssinia to
Europe.
• Menelik II is direct
ancestor of King
Solomon and Queen of
Sheba (and Emperor
Haile Salassie later).
• He can see what is
coming and so invests in
modernization, including
weaponry and warning
his neighbors to be
prepared.

Menelik II
Before becoming emperor of Ethiopia,
Menelik II (1844–1913) ruled the Shoa
region in central Ethiopia. He ensured
that he would succeed John IV as
emperor by marrying his daughter to
John’s son. After John died in 1889,
Menelik took the throne.

How did Menelik preserve Ethiopian independence?
Menelik used profits from ivory sales to buy modern weapons. He
then hired European advisors to teach his soldiers how to use the new
guns. Menelik’s army conquered neighboring lands and won a
stunning victory over the Italians at Adowa. European nations rushed
to establish diplomatic ties with Ethiopia. Around the world, people of
African descent hailed Menelik’s victory over European imperialism.

An Asante King A king of the Asante people in Ghana (center) sits surrounded by his people.

What do the clothes of the man to the left of the king suggest about his social rank?

“Why did you not stand up to Rhodes “Did you give that word?”
and prevent him from taking your “No.”
country by strength? Why did you not “Were the soldiers keen to fight?”
fight?” “Yes, they were dying to fight.”
“I thought that if I appealed to the white “Why did you not let them fight?”
men’s sense of justice and fair play, “I wanted to avoid bloodshed and war. . . .”
reminding them how good I had been to “And you allowed them to flout your word as king
them since I had never killed or ill- of the Amandebele? You let them have their way.
treated a white man, they might hear my . . . Is that right?. . . .Why did you not . . . seek
word and return to their homes. . . .” their protection and declare your country a
British protectorate?”
“. . . I knew that if I fought the white men I would
“I . . . told them that I had be beaten. If I sought the white man’s friendship
not given them the road to and protection, there would be opposition to me
Mashonaland.” or civil war. So I decided to pretend to the white
“Yes, and they replied and men that if they came into the country I would
told you that they had been fight, and hoped that they would be afraid and
given the road by their not come. . . . *They called my bluff and came . . .”
Queen and would only “Was there no other way out of your dilemma?”
return on the orders of “I did consider marrying the Queen, but even
their Queen. though I hinted at this several times no one
What did you do then?” followed it up.”
“I mobilized the army and “I see!”
told them to wait for my
word.” King Lobengula of the South
African Matabele nation We are not amused!

Africa in the Early 1800s
2

To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early
1800s, before the scramble for colonies began.

NORTH AFRICA WEST AFRICA
On the grasslands, Islamic leaders preached
Since long before 1800, the region had jihad, a holy struggle, to revive and purify
close ties to the Muslim world. Islam.
In the early 1800s, much of the region In the forest regions, the Asante controlled
remained under the rule of the smaller states. These smaller tributary states
declining Ottoman empire. were ready to turn to Europeans to help them
defeat their Asante rulers.

SOUTH AFRICA EAST AFRICA
Zulu aggression caused mass Islam had long influenced the coast,
migrations and wars and created where a profitable slave trade was
chaos across much of the region. carried on.

Slave trade will continue and
Imperialism will separate men from
their families--***

European Contacts Increased
2

From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult geography and disease
prevented European traders from reaching the interior of Africa.
Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the 1800s.

EXPLORERS MISSIONARIES

Explorers were Catholic and Protestant
fascinated by African missionaries sought to win
geography, but had little people to Christianity. Most
understanding of the took a paternalistic view of
people they met. Africans. They urged
Africans to reject their
own traditions in
favor of western civilization.

Berlin Conference
• To avoid bloodshed, European powers met at an international
conference in 1884. It took place not in Africa but in
Berlin, Germany. No Africans were invited to the conference.
• At the Berlin Conference, European powers recognized
Leopold’s private claims to the Congo Free State but called for
free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers. They further agreed
that a European power could not claim any part of Africa
unless it had set up a government office there. This principle
led Europeans to send officials who would exert their power
over local rulers and peoples.
• The rush to colonize Africa was on. In the 20 years after the
Berlin Conference, the European powers partitioned almost
the entire continent. As Europeans carved out their
claims, they established new borders and frontiers. They
redrew the map of Africa with little regard for traditional
patterns of settlement or ethnic boundaries.
•

African soldiers in German uniforms

A Scramble for Colonies
King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo
River basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders.

King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble
among other European nations. Before long, Britain, France,
and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region.

At the Berlin Conference in 1884, European powers agreed on how
they could claim African territory without fighting amongst
themselves.

European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.

The Scramble for Africa
• The Scramble for Africa, also
known as the Race for Africa was a
process of invasion, attack,
occupation, and annexation
of African territory
by European powers during the New
Imperialism period, between 1881
and World War I in 1914.
• As a result of the heightened
tension between European states in
the last quarter of the 19th century,
the partitioning of Africa may be
seen as a way for the Europeans to
eliminate the threat of a Europe-
wide war over Africa.
The Rhodes Colossus, a caricature of Cecil Rhodes after announcing
plans for a telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo.
For Punch by Edward Linley Sambourne.

• The last 59 years of the nineteenth century saw
transition from ‘informal imperialism’ of control through
military influence and economic dominance to that of
direct rule. Attempts to mediate imperial competition, such
as the Berlin Conference (1884–1885), failed to establish
definitively the competing powers' claims.
• Many African polities, states and rulers (such as
the Ashanti, the Abyssinians, the Moroccans and
the Dervishes) sought to resist this wave of European
aggression. However, the industrial revolution had provided
the European armies with advanced weapons such as
machine guns, which African armies found difficult to
resist. Also, unlike their European counterparts, African
rulers, states and people did not at first form a continental
united front although within a few years, a Pan-African
movement did emerge.

Western Advantages
European powers had the advantages of strong economies, well-
organized governments, and powerful armies and navies. Superior
technology, including riverboats and the telegraph, as well as improved
medical knowledge also played a role. Quinine and other new
medicines helped Europeans survive deadly tropical diseases. And, of
course, advances such as Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, and
steam-driven warships were very strong arguments in persuading
Africans and Asians to accept Western control.

The Maxim Gun
Sir Hiram Maxim with his
invention, the Maxim machine
gun.

Why were European armies
often able to defeat African or
Asian forces?

2

Imperialism
in Africa to
1914

2

African Resistance
• Europeans met armed resistance across the continent.
• Algerians battled the French for years.

• The Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa
battled the British.

• East Africans fought wars against the Germans.

• In Ethiopia, King Menelik II modernized his country. When Italy
invaded, Ethiopia was prepared. Ethiopia was the only nation,
aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence.

European missionaries urged Africans to

a) reject their own traditions.
b) strengthen their ties with the Muslim world.

c) seek independence.
d) attend the Berlin Conference.

Which of the following African nations was able to preserve its
independence?
a) Congo
b) Algeria
c) Egypt
d) Ethiopia

David
Livingstone

 David Livingstone is a famous Scottish explorer, who first went to Africa in
1840. He was a doctor and missionary. While he explored central and east Africa he
set up missions and sent back reports of his findings. He was the first recorded
European to see the Victoria Falls, to which he gave the English name in honor of
his monarch, Queen Victoria. Believing he had a spiritual calling for exploration
rather than mission work, and encouraged by the response in Britain to his
discoveries and support for future expeditions, in 1857 he resigned from the
London Missionary Society after they demanded that he do more evangelizing and
less exploring. The qualities and approaches which gave Livingstone an advantage
as an explorer were that he usually traveled lightly, and he had an ability to reassure
chiefs that he was not a threat. He lost touch in 1860 and Henry M. Stanley was
sent to find him.

“Dr. Livingstone, i presume?”

Henry M. Stanley

•Henry Morton Stanley was the British journalist and explorer,
hired to find Livingstone. He is best remembered for his quote
when he met Livingstone, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?",
although there is some question as to authenticity of this now
famous greeting. Stanley also explored on his own. He was
tricked by the Belgian King into getting Congo for him, but he
remained on the king’s payroll even after he found out.

•Publicity around the explorations of Africa caused a mad
European scramble for Africa between 1880-1914, and by 1914
90 percent of Africa was under European control.

Shortly afterward, King Leopold II of Belgium
hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin
and arrange trade treaties with African
leaders. Publicly, Leopold spoke of a civilizing
mission to carry the light “that for millions of
men still plunged in barbarism will be the
dawn of a better era.” Privately, he dreamed of
conquest and profit. Leopold’s activities in the
Congo set off a scramble by other nations.
Before long, Britain, France, and Germany
were pressing rival claims to the region.

North Africa

North Africa is the northern most of the African continent, linked
by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the UN
definition of Northern Africa includes the following seven
countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan,
Tunisia, Mauritania, and Western Sahara. Most people in North
Africa live on a fertile and mild strip of land north of the Sahara
along the Mediterranean coast.

The French In North Africa
In 1830 King Charles X of France ordered an invasion of
Algiers, in order to colonize it. This was the true beginning of he
second French colonial empire. After about ten years the 100,000
French soldiers beat the Algerians and their leader Abd al -Qadir.
They established a protectorate on Tunisia in 1881 (Bardo
Treaty). In 1904 France secured special trading rights in Morocco.
During the Agadir Crisis in 1911, Britain supported France and
Morocco became a French protectorate.

Britain
and
Egypt
 In the 1880s Ottoman Egypt was almost independent
under Governor (Pasha)Muhammad Ali. Egypt was a
power in the eastern Mediterranean under Ali.
Ali reformed tax and land systems, encouraged industry

and supported irrigation projects, but unfortunately the
rulers after him increased debt and European influence.
Ferdinand de Lesseps was a French entrepreneur who set

up a company to build the Suez Canal (it would become a
vital short cut).
In 1875 GB gains control of canal and,

In 1882 Egypt becomes a British protectorate after British

forces put down a nationalist revolt.

The Sudan

Sir Herbert Kitchener
• In the Sudan there was a Muslim revival that stirred nationalist
feelings. The Sudanese had challenged British exploration since the
1880s. At the Battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898), an army
commanded by the British General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated
the army of Abdullah al-Taashi. Around 10,000 Ansar were killed,
13,000 were wounded, and 5,000 were taken prisoner. Kitchener's force
lost 48 men with 382 wounded. Soon after the British confronted the
French at Fashoda, bringing the two countries to the brink of war. War
was avoided when the French withdrew from Sudan and Britain
recognized French control of Morocco.

Italy Seizes Libya
 Libya was known as Tripoli
in the 1800s and had almost no
economic value but Italy, the
closest European nation, wanted
it because, they were starting
late in the race to build an
African empire.
In 1911, after the other
European nations promised
neutrality, Italy declared war on
the ruling Ottoman Empire and
easily won. Libya was the last
North African country to be
conquered by Europeans.

West, Central and East Africa
 During the 1800s there many territories with varied landscapes, histories and traditions.
Europeans swallowed up the lands in the late 1800s.

 West Africa -In the1500s and 1600s there was European slave trade on the coast. Salt, gold
and ironware were also traded. When European countries stopped trading slaves in the 1800s
west African countries traded natural products for manufactured goods. European countries push
inland in 1870s to expand coastal holdings and control trade. Steam ships allowed for easier
travel over difficult terrain and quinine provided protection from malaria. By 1900 European
powers had acquired vast new territories. Leaders in the 1890s, such as Samory Toure and
Behanzin, fought against the expansion but were defeated by well armed European forces.

The only independent state in West Africa by 1900 was Liberia, founded as a colony by the
American Colonization Society in 1821-22. It was created as a place for slaves freed in the
United States to emigrate to in Africa, on the premise they would have greater freedom and
equality there.

Slaves freed from slave ships also were sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries
of origin. These freed slaves formed an elite group in Liberian society, and, in 1847, they founded
the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States.
Liberia's ties to the US made it off limits for expansion.

Central and East
Liberia
Africa
Congo
Ethiopia
Belgium's King Leopold II claimed the Congo river region as his own as a
result of Henry Stanley's explorations. He enslaved the people, forced them to
cut down the forests and kill the elephants. doing that stripped the area of many
people and resources. In 1903 in exchange for a large loan Leopard gave the
Congo Basin to the Belgian government and it became the Belgian Congo. The
British, Italians and Germans were claiming East Africa at this time. The only
independent country was Ethiopia. Liberia was repopulated with freed
American slaves.

In the 1880s Italy attempts to conquer Ethiopia and its Emperor Menelik II,
but underestimate their determination, and lose devastatingly at the Battle of
Adowa. Italy and Ethiopia signed a provisional treaty of peace on 26 October
1896. The Italian defeat scares away the other European counties and protects
Ethiopia.

Southern
Africa

 The Dutch arrived in Southern Africa in 1652 and
established a port called Cape Town and for the next 150 years the
Afrikaners, what the settlers were called, conquered land around
port, the lands became known as Cape Colony. The British seize
Cape Colony, in the early 1880s, because of its strategic value. The
Afrikaaners believed that God had ordained slavery and that they
were superior, and they resented the British laws that forbade
slavery. In the 1830s 100,000 Afrikaaners that the British called
Boers left Cape Colony. They migrated north east on The Great
Trek, and established the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

Conflicts

The Afrikaners fought constantly with their neighbors. They fight with the Zulu for
a large empire conquered by the Zulu in the early 1800s. The Boers couldn't win a
victory, in 1879 the British become involved, the British win against the Zulu,
especially their great king Shaka.

 The Boers also fought with the British, when, in the 1880s, British settlers moved
to Transvaal and searched for gold and diamonds. the Boers were pushed to give the
British civil rights. Growing hostility erupted into the Anglo-Boer War, also known
as the Second Boer War, it was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902,
between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the South
African Republic. The British win.

On 31 May 1910 the British unite the previously separate colonies of Cape
Colony, Natal, Transvaal and the Orange Free State, into the Union of South
Africa. Its constitution made it almost impossible for non-whites to win the right to
vote.

Racial Equality

Racial equality becomes a major issue. Many non-white South African
groups tried to advance their civil rights. Mohandas K. Gandhi a lawyer
from India, was one man. He worked for equality for Indians, and he urged
them to disobey laws that discriminated against them. His efforts worked.

Following Gandhi’s pattern, the black majority in Africa went into action
against racial injustices. They founded the organization of the South
African Native National Congress (SANNC) on 8 January 1912 in
Bloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population.
In 1923, its name was shortened to the African National Congress.
Gandhi's principles of nonviolent protest were called
satyagraha, which he loosely translated as "truth-force."[

Effects of Imperialism
1. The effects mainly centered on economic and social life.
2. Imperialists profit from building mines, factories and ports and
plantations.
3. Africans were hired at low wages and taxed.
4. Men were housed in dormitories away from their families and
disciplined brutally. Prostitution and HIV/STDs spread.
5. European schools taught that European ways are best.
6. Sometimes African traditions declined, but most held on to their
cultures and accepted some European ways, including
Christianity.
7. By the early 1900s there were groups that condemned
imperialism as contrary to western ideas of liberty and equality.
8. They founded nationalist groups to push for self-rule and
Africa's peoples were politically independent from Europe by
end of 20th century.

Railroads and Trade
By building thousands of miles of railroads, the
British opened up India’s vast interior to trade. The
British also encouraged Indians to grow tea and jute.
Today, tea is one of India’s biggest crops.
What were some of the benefits of British rule?

By 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte felt that
Europe offered too few chances for
glory. Setting his sights toward Africa in
1798, he invaded Egypt, a province of
the Ottoman empire.
“Europe is a molehill. . . . We must go to
the East. . . . All great glory has been
acquired there.”

Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign highlighted Ottoman decline and opened a new
era of European contact with Muslim regions of the world. European countries
were just nibbling at the edges of Muslim countries. Before long, they would
strike at their heartland.

The Suez Canal linked

a) the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

b) the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

c) the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

d) the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran?
a) Britain and France

b) France and the United States

c) Britain and Russia

d) Russia and Germany

3

The Ottoman Empire
By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges.
• Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their
power.
• As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal
revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.
• European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the
Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control.
• Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers
increased tensions. Many officials objected to changes that
were inspired by foreign cultures.
• A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan.
• Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the
Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the
empire.

General Ismail Pasha (center) fought for
the British army in the Crimean War.

In the 1890s, a group of liberals formed a movement called the
Young Turks. They insisted that reform was the only way to save the
empire. In 1908, the Young Turks overthrew the sultan. Before they
could achieve their planned reforms, however, the Ottoman empire
was plunged into the world war that erupted in 1914.

Armenian Genocide
Traditionally, the Ottomans had let minority nationalities live in
their own communities and practice their own religions. By the
1890s, however, nationalism was igniting new tensions,
especially between Turkish nationalists and minority peoples
who sought their own states. These tensions triggered a brutal
genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people concentrated in
the eastern mountains of the empire. Genocide is a deliberate
attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group.
The Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting
Russian plans against the Ottoman empire. When Armenians
protested repressive Ottoman policies, the sultan had tens of
thousands of them slaughtered. Over the next 25 years, between
600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were killed or died from
disease and starvation.

3
The Modernization of
Egypt
Called the “father of modern Egypt,” Muhammad
Ali introduced political and economic reforms.
Before he died in 1849, he had set Egypt on the
road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power.

During his reign, Muhammad Ali:
• improved tax collection
• reorganized the landholding system
• backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output
• expanded cotton production and encouraged local
industry, thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world
trade
• brought in western military experts to modernize the army
• conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan

As the following
examples
demonstrate, advance
s in transportation
technology always
have the potential of
changing society.

3

Iran and the European Powers
The importance of Iran was its location! Oil was later.

Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central
Asia.
Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.

For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence,
Russia in the north and Britain in the south.

The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign
interest in the region.

Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them
concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.
Iran =Persia Iraq is where we were fighting
Iran are shiia; Iraq are mostly sunnis;
Hardliner, strict sharia-followers are the Taliban

Oil flows out of one of the first Like the Ottoman empire, Persia faced major
oil wells to be drilled in Persia, challenges in the 1800s. The Qajar shahs, who ruled
around 1910. Persia from 1794 to 1925, exercised absolute power.
Still, they did take steps to introduce reforms. The
government helped build telegraph lines and
railroads and experimented with a liberal
constitution. Reform, however, did not save Persia
from Western imperialism. Russia wanted to
protect its southern frontier and expand into
Central Asia. Britain wanted to protect its interests
in India.
For a time, each nation set up its own sphere of
influence in Persia. The discovery of oil in the early
1900s heightened foreign interest in the region.
Both Russia and Britain plotted for control of
Persian oil fields. They persuaded the Persian
government to grant them concessions, or special
rights given to foreign powers. To protect their
interests, they sent troops into Persia. Persian
nationalists were outraged. The nationalists included
two very different groups. Some Persians wanted to
move swiftly to adopt Western ways. Others, led by
Muslim religious leaders, condemned the Persian
government and Western influences.

For more than 200 years, Mughal rulers governed a powerful empire
in India. By the mid-1700s, however, the Mughal empire was
collapsing from a lack of strong rulers. Britain then turned its
commercial interests in the region into political ones.

British East India Company’s
Queen Victoria writes letters as her Indian coat of arms
servant waits for his orders.

4

The British Take Over India

• What were the causes and effects
of the Sepoy Rebellion?

• How did British rule affect India?

• How did Indians view western
culture?

• What were the origins of Indian
nationalism?

The British in India
European trade with Asia opened up in the 1500s.
In 1600 some English traders formed the East India
Company
Which later became the richest and most powerful trading
companies the world has ever known
Built trading post and forts throughout India
French tried to challenge the British, but
they were later crushed by Robert Clive, a East India
Company Agent, along with an army of British and
Indian troops at the Battle of Plassey 1757.

Angry sepoys rose up against their British officers. The Sepoy Rebellion swept across northern
and central India. Several sepoy regiments marched off to Delhi, the old Mughal capital.
There, they hailed the last Mughal ruler as their leader. In some places, the sepoys brutally
massacred British men, women, and children. But the British soon rallied and crushed the
revolt. They then took terrible revenge for their earlier losses, torching villages and
slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians.
The Sepoy Rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides. It also
brought major changes in British policy. In 1858, Parliament ended the rule of the East India
Company and put India directly under the British crown. It sent more troops to India, taxing
Indians to pay the cost of these occupying forces. While it slowed the “reforms” that had
angered Hindus and Muslims, it continued to develop India for Britain’s own economic benefit.

The Sepoy
Rebellion
The East Indian Company quickly controlled most of India in
1857. Later that year, Sepoys rebelled against their British
commanders and it began to spread across the Northern and
Central India.
Indians had massacred British men, children, and women.
In response, they killed thousands of unarmed Indians.
In 1858 Parliament ended the East Indian Company. They had
sent a viceroy to rule as the monarch's representative and
India became “the Jewel in the Crown”—Queen Victoria
claimed India as a crown colony and
became an Empress.
Sepoys-Indian Troops The new rifles’ casings were
supposedly greased/made with beef or
pork fat in the cartridge papers.

4

The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects
CAUSES EFFECTS

The British East India Company: •The Sepoys brutally massacred
•required sepoys, or Indian soldiers in British men, women, and children.
its service, to serve anywhere, •The British took terrible revenge,
including overseas, which violated slaughtering thousands of unarmed
Hindu religious law Indians.
•passed a law allowing Hindu widows •Both sides were left with a bitter
to marry, (avoiding sutee/sati) which legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust.
undermined Hindu beliefs
•The British put India directly under
•Ordered the sepoys to bite off British rule, sent more troops to
cartridges made of animal fat when India, and taxed Indians to pay for
loading their rifles, which violated the cost of the occupying forces.
both Hindu and Muslim religious law.

4

British Colonial Rule
After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India.

• The British built roads and an impressive railroad network.
• The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining
India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry.
• Britain transformed Indian agriculture.
• Better health care and increased food production led to rapid
population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines.
• The British revised the Indian legal system.
• British rule brought peace and order to the countryside.
• Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools.

Indian Nationalism
• British built paved roads and an extensive railroad; installed
telegraph lines and dug irrigation canals; and established
schools and universities
• They forced Indians to grow cotton instead of wheat which
led to the lack of wheat and resulted in severe food
shortages that killed millions of Indians during 1800s
• Huge taxes and inflated prices made it hard to afford certain
products—example: tax on salt.
• In 1885 a group of Indian business and professional leaders
formed the Indian National Congress who tried to peacefully
protest to urge British to grant more power to the Indians
– Also the group that led the long struggle for complete
independence—Gandhi will lead with non-violent, passive
resistance. (Satyagraha)

4

Imperialism
in India to
1858

The Jewel in the Crown—
as the British
Raj
Queen Victoria gained
the title of Empress (to
match Russia).

The Great Game
• The Great Game was introduced into mainstream consciousness
by British novelist Rudyard Kipling in his novel Kim (1901). In a phrase
coined by Captain Arthur Connolly an intelligence officer of the British
East India Company's Sixth Bengal Light Cavalry, before he was beheaded
in Bokhara for spying in 1842, a "Great Game" was played between
Tsarist Russia and Victorian England for supremacy in Central Asia. The
classic Great Game period is generally regarded as running approximately
from the Russo-Persian Treaty of 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention
of 1907.
• At stake was the security of India, key to the wealth of the British
Empire. When play began early in the 19th century, the frontiers of the
two imperial powers lay two thousand miles apart, across vast deserts
and almost impassable mountain ranges; by the end, only 20 miles
separated the two rivals.

Kim • Kim is a picaresque novel
by Rudyard Kipling. It was first
by published serially in McClure's
Magazine and in Cassell's
Rudyard Magazine from in 1901.
Kipling • The story unfolds against the
backdrop of The Great Game, the
political conflict between
Russia and Britain in Central Asia. It
is set after the Second Afghan
War which ended in 1881, but
before the Third, perhaps in the
1890s.
• The novel is notable for its
detailed portrait of the people,
culture, and varied religions of
India. "The book presents a vivid
picture of India, its teeming
populations, religions, and
superstitions, and the life of the
bazaars and the road."

Different Views on Culture
During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed
different views of each other’s culture.

INDIAN BRITISH
ATTITUDES ATTITUDES
•Some educated Indians were •Most British knew little about
impressed by British power and Indian achievements and
technology and urged India to dismissed Indian culture with
follow a western model of contempt. Ethnocentricity.
progress.
•Few British admired Indian
•Other Indians felt the answer theology and philosophy and
to change lay with their own respected India’s ancient
Hindu or Muslim cultures. heritage.

Indian Nationalism
•The British believed that western-educated Indians would form
an elite class which would bolster British rule.

•As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite
effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were
spearheading a nationalist movement.

•In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National
Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but
supported western-style modernization.

•In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own
goals, including a separate Muslim state.

In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the
following except

a) place India directly under British rule.
b) send more troops to India. Mangel Pandey,
c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule. Sepoy Martyr
d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military presence.

Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress?
a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state.
b) Its members favored continued British rule.
c) Its members supported western-style modernization.
d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the British.

In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the
following except

a) place India directly under British rule.
b) send more troops to India.
c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule. Mangel Pandey,
d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military presence. Sepoy Martyr

Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress?
a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state.
b) Its members favored continued British rule.
c) Its members supported western-style modernization.
d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the British.

by Rudyard Kipling
“The White
•Take up the White Man’s burden—
Man’s Burden” –Send forth the best ye breed—
•Go, bind your sons to exile
–To serve your captives’ need;
•To wait, in heavy harness,
–On fluttered folk and wild—
•Your new-caught sullen peoples,
•Half-devil and half-child.
•Take up the White Man's burden—
–In patience to abide,
•To veil the threat of terror
–And check the show of pride;
•By open speech and simple,
–An hundred times made plain,
•To seek another's profit
–And work another's gain.

Britain’s Union Jack

Lin Zexu, Chinese official

Trading Opium for Tea

By the 1830s, British merchant ships were arriving in China loaded with opium to
trade with the Chinese for tea. In 1839, Chinese government official Lin Zexu wrote
a letter to Britain’s Queen Victoria condemning the practice: “We have heard that
in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity—
this is strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is . . . . Since . . . you do
not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug
transferred to another country.”

China

In the 1700s,
China enjoyed a
favorable
balance of
trade.

The Power of Opium

•By 1779, the British
East India Company
was importing opium
into China
•Within a generation,
opium addiction in
China became
widespread

Mandarin with Opium Pipe

The East India
Company’s opium
factory stacking room

This slide gives an impression of the huge volume of opium imported into
China by the British. The East India Company developed a monopoly on
opium cultivation in India, but disengaged itself legally and officially from
the illicit trade with China by using vessels owned by private merchants (the
boats were known as “country ships”) to transfer and sell the opium in
China.

In 1839, a Chinese official
China and Britain Clash demanded that the opium
trade in Guangzhou (Canton)
over Opium stop. The British refused, and
war ensued.

In 1839, the
emperor of China
sent a commissioner
to Canton to put an
end to the opium
trade. The British
ignored this
demand, and the
Chinese government
responded by having
the commissioner
destroy 20,291
chests of opium.

Chinese unloading opium from a British ship

The Opium War: 1839–1842
Britain, with its powerful navy,
occupied several Chinese ports,
including Hong Kong. British armies
also met with success, coming
within miles of Peking, the Chinese
capital. In 1842, the Chinese
conceded and Britain forced them
to sign a treaty.

The British navy attacks

The Opium War
During the late 1700s, British merchants began making huge profits by trading opium
grown in India for Chinese tea, which was popular in Britain. Soon, many Chinese had
become addicted to the drug. Silver flowed out of China in payment for the drug,
disrupting the economy.
The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug dealers. They called
on Britain to stop the trade. The British refused, insisting on the right of free trade.
In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, triggering the Opium War.
British gunboats, equipped with the latest in firepower, bombarded Chinese coastal and
river ports. With outdated weapons and fighting methods, the Chinese were easily
defeated.

Britain gained
•Control of Hong
The Treaty of
Kong Nanjing
•The right to trade
in five major cities
•Extraterritoriality
•The legalization of
opium in China
•The treaty forced
China to accept some
major concessions
and further opened
the country to
European trade.
•It was an Unequal
Treaty
The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing
aboard the British ship Cornwallis

Unequal Treaties

In 1842, Britain made China accept the
Treaty of Nanjing Britain received a
huge indemnity, or payment for losses in
the war. The British also gained the island
of Hong Kong. China had to open five
ports to foreign trade and grant British
citizens in China extraterritoriality, the
right to live under their own laws and be
tried in their own courts.
The treaty was the first of a series of
“unequal treaties” that forced China to
make concessions to Western powers. A
second war, lasting from 1856 to
1858, ended with France, Russia, and the
United States pressuring China to sign
treaties stipulating the opening of more
ports to foreign trade and letting
Christian missionaries preach in China.

The Open Door Policy
• Turmoil in China
• “Spheres of influence”
and
• “Open Door” policy--
formulated by U.S.
Secretary of State John
Hay.
• No nations formally
accepted Hay’s
proposal, but they
didn’t counter the
Open Door policy’s
provisions either.

U.S. Secretary of State John Hay

5

Internal Problems
By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.

• Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading
to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.
• The population explosion that had begun a century earlier
created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.
• An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread
official corruption added to the peasants’ burden.
• The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.
• Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping
Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.

The Taiping Rebellion
Weakens China

China Faces the West
– During the 1500s, Chinese civilization had been highly
advanced and had little interest in European goods
– China's political, economic, and military position weakened
under the Qing dynasty who ruled from 1644-1912
– The Unequal Treaties
• In early 1800s, British merchants found a way to break China's trade barriers
and earned huge profits. In exchange of tea, silk, and porcelain, the
merchants smuggled a drug called opium, which they obtained from India
and Turkey, into China.
• In 1839 Chinese troops tried to stop the smuggling and war broke out and
was fought for three years.
• In 1842 British won the Opium War, which led to the Treaty of Nanking
which forced China to yield many of its rights to western powers and Hong
Kong was given to Great Britain.
• Over the next 60 years the unequal treaties increased foreign influence in
China and weakened the Qing dynasty. Civil war, such as the Taiping
rebellion(1850-1864), also eroded the dynasty's power, and in 1890s,
European powers as well as Japan claimed large sections as
• Spheres of Influence -areas where they had exclusive trading rights

The Trade Issue
•Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign
traders.
• China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported.
• Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from
the Chinese than they sold to them. **** We do so now, too!
•In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first
in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make
concessions to western powers.
• China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. Reparations now
• The British gained the island of Hong Kong.
• China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British
citizens in China extraterritoriality. Rights as if they were exempt
from local law; like diplomatic immunity.

• During late 1800s reformers began the "self-
strengthening" movement involved importing both
Western technology and educational methods. It also
Chinese
improve agriculture, strengthen the armed
forces, and ended the European practice of
Responses
extraterritoriality
• Chinese weakness was furthered by modernizing
Japan that ended in China's defeat and loss of
territory. (Sino-Japanese War)
• Japan gained the island of Taiwan and the Liaodong
Peninsula as well as trading benefits in Chinese
territory, and also Korea.

Reformers gained influence from Emperor Guang Xu and
launched the Hundred Days of Reform to modernize the
government and encouraged new industries. However his mother,
Ci Xi, returned to power, arrested her son, and halted the reform.

5

Reform Efforts
•In the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening
movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China.

•The movement made limited progress because the government did
not rally behind it.

•After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor
Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform.

•Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the
emperor was imprisoned.

– Ci Xi struggled to hold power. She agreed to give in to
some of her people's demands for change. She
established school and reorganized the government. Even
in these efforts people began to believe in the modern
republic.
The
– Revolutionaries wanted China to regain its former power
and influence. On of them, a doctor named Sun Yat-sen Revolution
(Sun Yixian) and others formed the United League.
– Their goal was to modernize China on the basis of the
"Three Principles of the People“:
of 1911
• Nationalism: freedom from Foreign control
• Democracy: representative government
• Livelihood: economic well-being for all
Chinese control
– The revolutionary cause was strengthened in 1908 when
Ci Xi died, and two-year-old Prince Pu Yi became emperor.
The Last Emperor
– Revolution swept China as peasants, soldiers, workers,
and court officials turned against the weak dynasty and on
January 1912, Sun Yat-sen became the first president of
the new Chinese republic.

•

5

Fall of the Qing Dynasty
As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.
In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In
response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.

Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms.

Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.

When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.

In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.

Sun Yixian (Yatsen) was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun
wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism,
democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.

In response to the European presence
in China, nationalist groups emerged
and organized in the hopes of removing
The Boxer
foreign influence from the country. Rebellion, 1899
One group named the “Harmonious
Fists” (called the “Boxers” by
Europeans) attacked foreign
missionaries, Chinese Christians, and
government officials whom they held
responsible for allowing Europeans to
dominate China. In mid-1900, close to
150,000 Boxers occupied Beijing.

An international force composed of
European, American, and Japanese
soldiers occupied Beijing and defeated American, Japanese, and
the Boxers. British troops storming Beijing

The Boxer Rebellion
Suffering from the effects of
floods and famine, poverty,
and foreign aggression,
Boxers (below) participated
in an anti-foreign
movement. In 1900, some
140,000 Boxers attempted
to drive Westerners out of
China. An international
force eventually put down
the uprising.
Why were Westerners and
Western influences a source
of discontent for the Boxers?

The Boxer Protocol
• China was forced
to sign the Boxer
Protocol
• Required to
pay damages
to Europeans
• Forced to
allow foreign
soldiers to live
in Beijing
Signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901.

5

Imperialis
m in China
to 1914

Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the
West?
a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.
b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West

c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to
foreign trade.
d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.

What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?
a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.
b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.
c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants.
d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.

Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the
West?
a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.

b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West.

c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to
foreign trade.

d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.

What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?
a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.
b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.
c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants.
d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.

Sun Yixian The Qing Dynasty
Sun Yixian (1866–1925) was not born to
power. His parents were poor farmers. Falls
Sun’s preparation for leadership came
from his travels, education, and personal
ambitions. In his teen years, he lived with
his brother in Hawaii and attended British
and American schools. Later on, he
earned a medical degree.
Sun left his career in medicine to struggle
against the Qing government. After a
failed uprising in 1895, he went into exile.
Sun visited many nations, seeking support
against the Qing dynasty. When revolution
erupted in China, Sun was in
Denver, Colorado. He returned to China to
begin his leading role in the new republic.

How did Sun’s background prepare him to
lead? Also known as Sun Yat-sen

The political cartoon below shows a French soldier (left) and a British
soldier (right) ripping apart a map. How do you think the situation
depicted in the cartoon affected relations between Britain and France?

The Big 63: Happy Birthday Communist China!
The Big 60:

2012

Ch12&13 ageofimperialismparti

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