Ch16 wwii

World War II and Its Aftermath
(1931–1949)

Chapter 16: World War II
Chapter Objective--Analyze the causes and results of
World War II.
• SECTION 1 Hitler's Lightning War
Describe how Germany overran much of Europe and North Africa.
• SECTION 2 Japan's Pacific Campaign
Explain how the Japanese expanded their power in the Pacific.
• SECTION 3 The Holocaust
Describe the results of the "Final Solution."
• SECTION 4 The Allied Victory
Summarize the Allied campaigns and the events that led to
surrender.
• SECTION 5 Europe and Japan in Ruins
Compare postwar governments in Europe and Japan.

3

What Is Fascism?
In the 1920s and 1930s, fascism meant different things
in different countries. All forms of fascism, however,
shared some basic features:
• extreme nationalism
• glorification of action, violence, discipline, and,
above all, blind loyalty to the state
• rejection of Enlightenment faith in reason and the
concepts of equality and liberty
• rejection of democratic ideas
• pursuit of aggressive foreign expansion
• glorification of warfare as a necessary and noble
struggle for survival

Mussolini’s Italy
POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL
STRUCTURE POLICY POLICIES
By 1925, Mussolini had Mussolini brought The individual was
assumed the title Il unimportant except
the economy under as a member of the
Duce, “The Leader.” state control. state.
In theory, Italy remained Men were urged to be
a parliamentary Unlike socialists, ruthless warriors.
monarchy. In fact, it Mussolini preserved
Women were called
became a dictatorship capitalism. on to produce more
upheld by terror. children.
The Fascists relied on Workers received Fascist youth groups
secret police and poor wages and were toughened children
propaganda. forbidden to strike. and taught them to
obey strict military
discipline.

4

Adolf Hitler’s Rise to Power
Hitler fought in the German army in World War I.
In 1919, he joined a small group of right-wing extremists.
Within a year, he was the leader of the National Socialist German
Workers, or Nazi, party.
In 1923, he made a failed attempt to seize power in Munich. He
was imprisoned for treason.
In prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”). It would later
become the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology.
Nazi membership grew to almost a million. He will eventually
receive the support of the conservatives within the government
and be elected into power. Chancellor Paul von Hindenburg was
old and saw which way the wind blew…
In 1933, Hitler was made chancellor of Germany.
Within a year, Hitler was master of Germany. He made Germany a
one-party state and purged his own party.

1.
2.
War Ends with German Defeat - November 11, 1918
Hitler Joins German Workers' Party - 1919
Hitler’s
3. Nazi Party is Formed - 1920 Rise to
4. Hitler Named Leader of Nazi Party - July 1921
5. The Beer Hall Putsch - November 9, 1923 Power
6. Hitler on Trial for Treason - February 26, 1924
7. Hitler's Book "Mein Kampf"
8. A New Beginning - February 26, 1925
9. Germans Elect Nazis - September 14, 1930
10. Success and a Suicide - 1931
11. Hitler Runs for President - 1932
12. The Republic Collapses
13. Hitler Named Chancellor of Germany - January 30, 1933

14. The Reichstag Burns - February 27, 1933
15. Hitler Becomes Dictator of Germany - March 23, 1933

Chamberlain & • In 1938 Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain (1869-1940), Conservative
PM from 1937-40, made his gloomy trip
Hitler to Munich to meet Chancellor Hitler in a
last ditch effort to avoid war which
resulted in the ill-fated 'Munich
Agreement‘, an attempt at
appeasement.
• During that fateful trip Hitler invited him
to his newly completed retreat in
Berchtesgaden, Bavaria.
• While there the Prime Minister explored
the hill top lair of the Führer and found a
reproduction of Matania's famous
Marcoing painting depicting allied
troops, puzzled by the choice of art
Hitler explained, "that man came so
near to killing me that I thought I
should never see Germany again,
providence saved me from such
devilishly accurate fire as those English
boys were aiming at us".

The Third Reich
POLITICAL POLICIES ECONOMIC POLICIES

Hitler repudiated, or rejected, Hitler launched a large public
the hated Treaty of Versailles. works program.
Hitler organized a system of Hitler began to rearm Germany, in
terror, repression, and violation of the Versailles treaty.
totalitarian rule.

SOCIAL POLICIES CULTURAL POLICIES
The Nazis indoctrinated young School courses and textbooks
people with their ideology. were written to reflect Nazi racial
views.
Hitler spread his message of
racism. The Nazis sought to purge, or
purify, German culture.
The Nazis sought to limit
women’s roles. Hitler sought to replace religion
with his racial creed.

Hitler’s Campaign Against the Jews
4

Hitler set out to drive Jews from Germany.
In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws placed severe restrictions
on Jews.
Many German Jews fled Germany and sought refuge in
other countries.
In 1938, Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all
over Germany in what came to be called Kristallnacht, or
the “Night of Broken Glass.”
Hitler sent tens of thousands of Jews to concentration
camps, detention centers for civilians considered
enemies of the state. Some were work camps, others
death camps.
Hitler planned the “final solution”—the extermination of
all Jews.

Kristallnacht
• Kristallnacht literally "Crystal Night" or the Night of Broken Glass was an
anti-Jewish pogrom in Nazi Germany and Austria on 9 to 10 November
1938.
• Kristallnacht was triggered by the assassination in Paris of German
diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a German-born Polish
Jew. In a coordinated attack on Jewish people and their property, 91 Jews
were murdered and 25,000 to 30,000 were arrested and placed in
concentration camps. 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of
homes and businesses were ransacked. This was done by the Hitler Youth,
the Gestapo and the SS. Kristallnacht also served as a pretext and a means
for the wholesale confiscation of firearms from German Jews.
• While the assassination of Rath served as a pretext for the attacks,
Kristallnacht was part of a broader Nazi policy of antisemitism and
persecution of the Jews. Kristallnacht was followed by further economic
and political persecutions.
• It is viewed by many historians as the beginning of the Final Solution,
leading towards the genocide of the Holocaust.

• This pogrom damaged, and in many cases destroyed, about 250
synagogues (constituting nearly all Germany had), many Jewish
cemeteries, more than 7,000 Jewish shops, and 29 department
stores. Some Jews were beaten to death while others were forced to
watch. More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and taken to
concentration camps; primarily Dachau, Buchenwald, and
Sachsenhausen. The treatment of prisoners in the camps was brutal,
but most were released during the following three months on
condition that they leave Germany.

Events in only recently annexed
Austria were no less horrendous. Of
the entire Kristallnacht only the
pogrom in Vienna was completely
successful. Most of Vienna's 94
synagogues and prayer-houses were
partially or totally destroyed. People
were subjected to all manner of
humiliations, including being forced
to scrub the pavements whilst being
tormented by their fellow Austrians,
some of whom had been their friends
and neighbors.

Nuremberg Laws

• The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were anti-Semitic laws in Nazi
Germany which were introduced at the annual Nazi Party rally in
Nuremberg. The laws classified people as German if all four of their
grandparents were of "German or kindred blood", while people
were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish
grandparents. A person with one or two Jewish grandparents was a
Mischling, a crossbreed, of "mixed blood.“
• The Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of citizenship, certain careers,
and prohibited marriage between Jews and other Germans.

The Laws
• The Laws for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor
(September 15, 1935) Entirely convinced that the purity of German blood
is essential to the further existence of the German people, and inspired by
the uncompromising determination to safeguard the future of the
German nation, the Reichstag has unanimously resolved upon the
following law, which is promulgated herewith:
• Section 1 Marriages
• between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
Marriages concluded in defiance of this law are void, even if, for the
purpose of evading this law, they were concluded abroad.
• Proceedings for annulment may be initiated only by the Public Prosecutor.
• Section 2 Extramarital sexual intercourse between Jews and subjects of
the state of Germany or related blood is forbidden. (Supplementary
decrees set Nazi definitions of racial Germans, Jews, and half-breeds or
Mischlinge --- see the latter entry for details and citations and Mischling
Test for how such decrees were applied. Jews could not vote or hold public
office under the parallel "citizenship" law.)

• Section 3 Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens under the
age of 45, of German or kindred blood, as domestic workers. Section 4
Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national
colors.
• On the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors. The
exercise of this right is protected by the State.
• Section 5 A person who acts contrary to the prohibition of Section 1 will
be punished with hard labor.
• A person who acts contrary to the prohibition of Section 2 will be
punished with imprisonment or with hard labor.
• A person who acts contrary to the provisions of Sections 3 or 4 will be
punished with imprisonment up to a year and with a fine, or with one of
these penalties.
• Section 6 The Reich Minister of the Interior in agreement with the Deputy
Führer and the Reich Minister of Justice will issue the legal and
administrative regulations required for the enforcement and
supplementing of this law. Section 7 The law will become effective on the
day after its promulgation; Section 3, however, not until January 1, 1936.

1

Aggression, Appeasement, and War
• How did dictators and the
Spanish Civil War challenge
world peace?

• How did continuing German
aggression lead Europe toward
war?

• What factors
encouraged the
coming of war?

1

How Did Dictators Challenge World Peace?
Throughout the 1930s, dictators took aggressive
action but met only verbal protests and pleas
for peace from the democracies.

Mussolini and Hitler viewed that desire for
peace as weakness and responded with new Der Führer
acts of aggression.
In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. The League of
Nations voted sanctions, or penalties, but had no
power to enforce the sanctions.

Il Duce
Hitler built up the German military in defiance of the
Versailles treaty. Then, in 1936, he sent troops into
the demilitarized Rhineland bordering France —
another treaty violation.

• "The AAU shouts against the cruelties of the other nations and the
brutalities in foreign climates, but conveniently forgets the things that sit
on its own doorstep." The Philadelphia Tribune, December 19, 1935 The
Chicago Defender, December 14, 1935, reported that African American
track stars Jesse Owens, Eulace Peacock, and Ralph Metcalfe favored
participating in the upcoming Olympics because they felt that their victories
would serve to repudiate Nazi racial theories. Peacock was injured in trials
held in July 1936 and was never able to compete in the Olympics. In 1935
The Defender's circulation was larger than that of any other African
American newspaper. June 1936. AP/Wide World Photos

• Jesse Owens, "the fastest human
being," captured four gold medals
and became the hero of the
Olympics. In the long jump he leaped
26 feet 5-1/2 inches, an Olympic
record. Immediately after the Games,
Owens hoped to capitalize on his
fame and quit the AAU's European
tour of post-Olympic meets; for this
action, the AAU suspended him from
amateur competition. August 4,
1936. Bundesarchiv Koblenz,
Germany

Hitler Olympics
• The American
press reported
widely on the
friendship that
developed
between Owens
and his German
competitor in
the long jump,
Carl Ludwig
("Luz") Long.
• Long was killed
in action during
World War II.

http://youtu.be/XXIe5GbLSUs

•
The Baltimore Afro-American (August 8,
1936) and other newspapers spread the
story that Hitler refused to shake Jesse
Owens's hand or congratulate other Black
medalists. In fact, during the very first day
of Olympic competition, when Owens did
not compete, Olympic protocol officers
implored Hitler to receive either all the
medal winners or none, and the Fuhrer
chose the latter. Whether he did this • JESSE OWENS -- With Adolf Hitler looking
• " is unclear. Privately, Minister of on, Jesse Owens' record-breaking
Propaganda Goebbels called the victories performance at the 1936 Olympics in
by Blacks "a disgrace." Ignoring censors' Berlin, at the time the international
orders to avoid offending foreign guests symbol of racism and fascism, shattered
with racist commentaries, the radical Nazi the German dictator's theory of Aryan
newspaper Der Angriff (The Attack) wrote supremacy. He won gold medals in the
on August 6: "If the American team had not 100- and 200-meter runs, broad jump
brought along Black auxiliaries . . . (now called long jump) and the 400-
one would have regarded the meter relay. By the time Owens reached
the victors' stand to receive his medals,
Yankees as the biggest Hitler and his entourage had left the
disappointment of the Games." stadium.

• Professional boxing was among the few integrated sports in
the United States, and prize fighter Joe Louis was a hero to
American Blacks. On June 19, 1936, after rain postponed the
fight a day, the undefeated Louis was knocked out by
Germany's Max Schmeling.
• German Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels proclaimed
Schmeling's victory a triumph for Germany and Hitlerism. The
Nazi weekly journal Das Schwarze Korps (The Black Corps)
commented: "Schmeling's victory was not only sport. It was a
question of prestige for our race." In a 1938 rematch, Louis
defeated Schmeling in one round.
http://youtu.be/rJGOADcmwS4

1. The Road to Pearl Harbor
1. 1930s Isolationism World War II
2. Reactions to a Troubled World

3. War Breaks Out
4. The Arsenal of Democracy
5. Pearl Harbor
2. America in the Second World War

1. Wartime Strategy
2. The American Homefront
3. D-Day and the German Surrender
3. Postwar Challenges
4. War in the Pacific 1. The Cold War Erupts
5. Japanese-American Internment 2. The United Nations
3. Containment and the Marsh
6. The Manhattan Project 4. The Berlin Airlift and NATO
7. The Decision to Drop the Bomb5.
6.
The Korean War
Domestic Challenges

1

The Spanish Civil War
Although the Spanish Civil War was a local
struggle, it drew other European powers
into the fighting.
• Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and
forces to help Franco. Dress rehearsal!
• Volunteers from Germany, Italy, the
Soviet Union, and the western
democracies joined the International
Brigade and fought alongside the
Loyalists against fascism.

By 1939, Franco had triumphed.
Once in power, he created a fascist
dictatorship like those of Hitler and
Mussolini, but remained “neutral” during
WWII.

The Spanish Civil War 1936-37
• In 1931 the Spanish king, King Alfonso XII, was
forced to stand down and retreat into exile, and a
republic was established. The next five years saw
the balance of power swing between the
conservative reactionaries of the Spanish
establishment and the progressive working class
movement.
• The rulers of Spain could see their power (and
property) slipping away and on the 17th July 1936, a
group of extreme right-wing Nationalist generals
made their move, starting with a military rising in
Morocco, led by Franco, a fascist, which spread
immediately to the mainland. Working class militants
armed themselves and the military coup was
smashed in Barcelona and Madrid, although the
generals' troops did seize large areas.
• General Francisco Franco called upon Hitler and
Mussolini to help him gain military supremacy in
Spain. This included the infamous destruction of
Guernica in April '37 by German planes.
Picasso, Guernica • The Spanish Republican army unconditionally
8th - 23rd November 1936 surrendered to Franco's fascist forces on 1st April
1939.
• Everyone seemed happy that the communists had
not won, and so Franco remained in power until his
death in 1975. Prince Juan Carlos became king
upon Franco’s death.

Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco (1892-1975), was dictator of Spain from 1939 until
his death in 1975. He came to power at the end of the Spanish Civil
War. In that war, he led the rebel Nationalist Army to victory over
the Republican forces. After the war ended in 1939, Franco held
complete control of Spain. His regime was similar to a Fascist
dictatorship. He carried out the functions of chief of state, prime
minister, commander in chief, and leader of the Falange Espanola,
the only political party permitted. He adopted the title of El Caudillo
(The Leader). In the early years of his regime, Franco tried to
eliminate all opposition. He later eased restrictions.
http://youtu.be/3m-7J3dtEBw

Francisco Franco
• As dictator, Franco kept Spain officially neutral during World War II. But he sent
"volunteers" to help Germany fight the Soviet Union. After the war, the
victorious Allies would have little to do with Spain because of Franco's pro-Fascist
policies.
• The Western powers became more friendly toward Franco during the Cold War
with the Soviet Union, because he was against Communism. In 1953, Franco
signed an agreement with the United States. He permitted the United States to
build air and naval bases in Spain in exchange for economic and military aid. This
aid helped bring about industrial expansion. Spain's living standard rose
dramatically during the 1960's. By the mid-1970's, Spain had become a relatively
modern, industrialized country.
• In the early 1960's, opposition to Franco became more outspoken. Miners and
other workers went on strike, though strikes were illegal. Opposition groups
organized in secret. Franco relaxed police controls and economic restriction
somewhat. In 1966, strict press censorship was relaxed.
• Franco declared, in 1947, that Spain would be ruled by a king after he left office.
In 1969, Franco named Prince Juan Carlos to be king and head of state after
Franco's death or retirement. Juan Carlos is the grandson of King Alfonso XIII,
who left Spain in 1931. Franco died on Nov. 20,1975, and Juan Carlos became

The Abraham Lincoln Brigade
The Abraham Lincoln "No man ever entered
Brigade were a group of the earth more
volunteers who went to honorably than those
Spain to fight in the who died in Spain."
Spanish Civil War. It Ernest Hemingway
was not their war, but it
was their fight—to save
the world from fascism
and communism.

1

Why War Came…
• Historians see the war as an
effort to revise the 1919 peace
settlement. The Versailles treaty
had divided the world into two
camps.

• The western democracies might
have been able to stop Hitler.
Unwilling to risk war, however,
they adopted a policy of
appeasement, giving in to the
demands of an aggressor in hope
of keeping the peace.

Munich Pact 1938
The Munich Pact was an agreement
permitting Nazi German annexation of
Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The
Sudetenland were areas along Czech
borders, mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans.
The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich,
Germany, among the major powers of Europe without the
presence of Czechoslovakia.
Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement against
Nazi Germany. The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30
September 1938 (but dated 29 September). The purpose of the
conference was to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia in the face
of territorial demands made by Adolf Hitler. The agreement was
signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain, and Italy.
Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference.

Munich Pact
1938
• Hitler took the Sudetenland
which had been part of
Germany pre-WWI and no one
did anything regardless that it
was part of Czechoslovakia
now. England had decided that
perhaps the terms of the Anschluss Österreichs
Versailles Treaty were too was the occupation
harsh. The people of the & annexation of Austria
into Nazi Germany in 1938.
Sudetenland were/had been The Austrians were “German”
German previously, what could and so Hitler demanded the
it hurt? Hmmmmm…. Anschluss.

Only months into his reign, he caused Edward VIII later The Duke
a constitutional crisis by proposing marriage of Windsor and Wallis
to the American socialite Wallis Simpson, Warfield Simpson.
who had divorced her first husband and was The Windsors on their wedding day.
seeking a divorce from her second. Such a
marriage would have conflicted with
Edward's status as head of the Church of
England, which opposed the remarriage of
divorced people if their ex-spouse was still
alive. Rather than give up Mrs. Simpson,
Edward chose to abdicate. He was
succeeded by his younger brother Albert,
who chose the regnal name George VI.
With a reign of 325 days, Edward was one of
the shortest-reigning monarchs in
British history. After his abdication, he was
created Duke of Windsor. He married Wallis
Simpson in France on 3 June 1937, after
her second divorce became final. Later that
year, the couple toured Nazi Germany.
During WWII , after private accusations that he held pro-Nazi sympathies, they moved
to the Bahamas after his appointment as Governor. After WWII, he was never given
another appointment. They lived in France for the rest of their lives.

The King’s Speech
Tells the story of the man who
became King George VI, the
father of Queen Elizabeth II.
After his brother, Edward
abdicates, George ('Bertie')
reluctantly assumes the throne.
Plagued by a dreaded stammer
and considered unfit to be king,
Bertie engages the help of an
unorthodox speech therapist
named Lionel Logue.
Through a set of unexpected techniques, and
as a result of an unlikely friendship, Bertie is
able to find his voice and boldly lead the
country through war.

Bertie
The King’s Speech is an Elizabeth II’s (George VI)
parents and the
elegant, original, if slightly
Queen Mum
creaking, film. But – as is often
the case – the dramatized
version can’t beat the truth. To
listen to George VI give his
speech at the beginning of the
War on September 3rd 1939,
on YouTube, is heart-breakingly
But, once you know about the stutter,
agonizing. You only have to
you can hear his manful – and
listen to his brother’s
successful – attempts to conquer it
abdication speech, also on
throughout the speech. He never
YouTube, to hear how much
falters, but there are countless gaps
more self-assured a
between words, in the middle of
speaker Edward VIII was.
sentences, which don’t chime with
natural pauses.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAhFW_auT
20 Colin Firth is marvelous as George
VI; George VI is even better.

German Aggression
1

In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria
and Germany in the Anschluss. The
western democracies took no action.
Hitler annexed the Sudetenland, a region in
western Czechoslovakia.
At the Munich Conference, British and
French leaders again chose appeasement.
In 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of
Czechoslovakia.
The democracies realized that
appeasement had failed. They promised to
protect Poland, most likely Hitler’s next
target.
Hitler formed a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression
pact with Stalin.
German forces invaded Poland.
Britain and France immediately declared
war on Germany.

NAZI PARTY
In 1930 there were 129,583 members of the National Socialist German Workers' Party
or Nazi Party for short - NAtionalsoZIalstische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei - NSDAP).
The word 'Nazi' is an acronym formed from the first syllable of NAtional and the
second syllable of SoZIalstische. By 1933 membership had jumped to 849,009 and in
the early war years this had reached more than five million.

THE ANCIENT SWASTIKA SYMBOL
The Swastika is a very old, sacred symbol from near-prehistoric times and
referred to in Germany as the Hakenkreuz. Traditionally a sign of good fortune and
well-being, its name is derived from the Sanskrit 'su' meaning 'well' and 'asti'
meaning 'being'. It is well-known in Hindu and Buddhist cultures. Hitler displayed
the symbol on a red background 'to win over the worker' and it had an hypnotic
effect on all those who supported the Nazi movement. In his book Mein Kampf,
Hitler wrote 'In the red we see the social idea of the movement, in the white the
Nationalist idea and in the swastika the vision of the struggle for the victory of the
Aryan man.'

THE AXIS
An alliance of the two countries, Germany and Italy. Benito Mussolini, the dictator of
Fascist Italy, first used the term in 1923 when he wrote 'The axis of European
history' runs through Berlin.' After his meeting with Hitler in October, 1936, at
Berchtesgaden, he used the term again in a speech at Milan in November when he
said 'This vertical line between Rome and Berlin is not a partition but rather an axis
round which all European states animated by the will to collaboration and peace
can also collaborate.‘
Japan-Tokyo, Italy-Rome, Germany-Berlin= The Axis

War Terms auf Deutsche
• Blitzkrieg—lightning war
• Luftwaffe—German air force
• Wehrmacht—German war machine; regular army
• Gestapo—Nazi secret police in black leather
trench coats
• Schutzstaffel—the SS—Hitler’s bodyguard/
hit squad
• Reichstag—Berlin government
Building; symbol of the gov’t
• Swastika—the Nazi logo

Aryan--The word Aryan was adopted to refer
not only to the Indo-Iranian people, but also to
native Indo-European speakers as a whole,
including the Albanians, Kurds, Armenians,
Greeks,
Latins, and Germans

Goebbels—propaganda minister Himmler
Göring—commander of
the Gestapo
Himmler--Reichsführer of Göring
the SS
Jodl--Chief of the Operations Goebbels
Staff of the Armed Forces High
Command (Oberkommando der
Jodl
Wehrmacht)

• The Maginot Line was named after French Minister of
Defense André Maginot, was a line of concrete
fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine
gun posts, and other defenses, which France constructed
along its borders with Germany and Italy, in the light of
experience from World War I, and in the run-up to World
War II.
• The French established the fortification to provide time for
their army to mobilize in the event of attack and/or to
entice Germany to attack neutral Belgium to avoid a direct
assault on the line. The success of static, defensive combat
in World War I was a key influence on French thinking. The
fortification system successfully dissuaded a direct attack.
However, it was strategically ineffective, as the Germans
did indeed invade Belgium, flanked the Maginot Line, and
proceeded relatively unobstructed.

• BERLIN (Sept. 9, 2003) - Leni Riefenstahl, whose hypnotic depiction of
Hitler's Nuremberg rally, "Triumph of the Will,'' was renowned and
despised as the best propaganda film ever made, has died, a German
magazine reported Tuesday, quoting a long-time friend. She was 101.
A tireless innovator of film and photographic techniques, Riefenstahl's
career centered on a quest for adventure and for portraying physical
beauty.
Even as she turned 100 last year she was strapping on scuba gear to
photograph sharks in turquoise waters, although she had begun to
complain that injuries sustained in accidents over the years, including a
Hitler's helicopter crash in Sudan in 2000, had taken their toll and caused her
constant pain.

Filmmaker Speaking to The Associated Press just before her 100th birthday on Aug.
22, 2002, Riefenstahl dramatically said she has `àpologized for ever being
born'' but that she should not be criticized for her masterful films.

Dies at 101 `Ì don't know what I should apologize for,'' she said. `Ì cannot apologize,
for example, for having made the film ``Triumph of the Will'' - it won the top
prize. All my films won prizes.''
Although she said she knew nothing of Hitler's ``Final Solution'' and learned of concentration camps
only after the war, Riefenstahl also said she openly confronted the Fuehrer about his anti-Semitism,
one of many apparent contradictions in her claims of total ignorance of the Nazi mission.

Likewise, she defended ``Triumph of the Will'' as a documentary that contained ``not one single anti-
Semitic word,'' while avoiding any talk about filming Nazi official Julius Streicher haranguing the
crowd about ``racial purity'' laws.

Many suspected Riefenstahl of being Hitler's lover, which she also denied. Nonetheless, as his
filmmaker, Riefenstahl was the only woman to help shape the rise of the Third Reich.

She made four films for Hitler, the best known of which were ``Triumph of the Will'' and `Òlympia,'' a
meditation on muscle and movement at the 1936 Berlin Olympic games.

Triumph of the Will
• Triumph of the Will was released in 1935
and rapidly became one of the best-
known examples of propaganda in film
history. Riefenstahl's techniques, such as
moving cameras, the use of telephoto
lenses to create a distorted perspective,
aerial photography, and revolutionary
approach to the use of music and
cinematography, have earned Triumph
recognition as one of the greatest films in
history. Riefenstahl won several awards,
not only in Germany but also in the
United States, France, Sweden, and other
countries.
• The film was popular in the Third Reich
and elsewhere, and has continued to
influence movies, documentaries, and
commercials to this day.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtkUD9GEe9c

1

Aggression in Europe to 1939

1

Section 1 Assessment
Who made up the International Brigade?
a) volunteers fighting against the republic in Spain
b) volunteers aiding injured soldiers in Spain
c) volunteers fighting against fascism in Spain
d) volunteer peacekeepers during the Spanish Civil War

Which of the following immediately led to Britain and France declaring
war on Germany?

a) Germany taking over the Sudetenland
b) Germany annexing all of Czechoslovakia
c) Germany annexing Austria
d) Germany invading Poland

1

Who made up the International Brigade?
a) volunteers fighting against the republic in Spain
b) volunteers aiding injured soldiers in Spain
c) volunteers fighting against fascism in Spain
d) volunteer peacekeepers during the Spanish Civil War

Which of the following immediately led to Britain and France declaring war
on Germany?
a) Germany taking over the Sudetenland
b) Germany annexing all of Czechoslovakia
c) Germany annexing Austria
d) Germany invading Poland

Josef
Stalin, aka
Papa Joe
• Stalin translates to 'Man of Steel'.
• Country: Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR - Soviet Union).
• Kill tally: Approximately 20 million, including up to 14.5 million
needlessly starved to death. At least one million executed for political
"offences". At least 9.5 million more deported, exiled or imprisoned in
work camps, with many of the estimated five million sent to the 'Gulag
Archipelago' never returning alive. Other estimates place the number of
deported at 28 million, including 18 million sent to the 'Gulag'.
• In the Ukrainian Republic up to five million peasants starve to death in the
"famine" of 1932-33 when the state refuses to divert food supplies
allocated to industrial and military needs. About one million starve to
death in the North Caucasus.
• By 1937, the social upheaval caused by the "revolution from above" has
resulted in the deaths of up to 14.5 million Soviet peasants.

The Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939
• A Shock to the System
• On 23 August, 1939, the
world was shocked when,
suddenly, Russia and
Germany signed a Non-
aggression Pact. People
would have been even more
shocked if they had known
at the time that, in addition,
the two countries had a
secret agreement to invade
and divide Poland between
them.
•

Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Hitler and Russia
• In August 1939, Hitler sent Ribbentrop, a
senior Nazi, to Russia. He offered a Nazi-
Soviet alliance – Russia and Germany
would not go to war, but would divide
Poland between them.

• Stalin knew Hitler was lying, but he did not
trust the British either – the Munich
Agreement had convinced him that Britain
Germany and Russia agreed to bury the hatchet; and France would never dare to go to war
they agreed to bury it in Poland. with Hitler.

• Stalin had two choices:
• if he made an alliance with Britain, he
would end up fighting a war with Hitler
over Poland.
• if he made an alliance with Germany, he
would get half of Poland, and time to
prepare for the coming war with Germany.

• He chose the latter. On 23 August 1939,
he signed the Pact with Hitler.

• 1939 - On 23 August Stalin signs a nonaggression pact with Germany's Nazi
dictator, Adolf Hitler, carving up Eastern Europe into German and Soviet
spheres of influence, with the USSR claiming Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Finland, part of the Balkans and half of Poland.
• Stalin quickly acts to secure the annexation of the Polish territory with mass
arrests of soldiers and others who might resist. By 1945, about 550,000 have
been imprisoned or deported. More than 20,000 Polish officers, soldiers,
border guards, police, and other officials are executed, including 4,500
military personnel who are buried in mass graves in the Katyn Forest near the
Russian city of Smolensk.
• German troops invade Poland on 1 September. Britain and France declare
war on Germany two days later. The Second World War has begun.
• Stalin acts to secure the USSR's western frontier without antagonizing Hitler.
Soviet forces seize eastern Poland in September and enter Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania in October. War is declared on Finland at the end of November.
• Stalin is named 'Time' magazine's man of the year for 1939 for switching the
balance of power in Europe by signing the nonaggression pact with Hitler, a
decision that is described as "world-shattering". "Without the Russian pact,"
the magazine says, "German generals would certainly have been loath to go
into military action. With it, World War II began."
• In December 1939, to celebrate his 60th birthday, he is awarded the Order of
Lenin and given the title 'Hero of Socialist Labor'.
• 1940 - The war with Finland ends on 8 March. Finland loses some territory but
retains its independence. In the south, the Soviets occupy part of Romania in
June.

• 1941 - Sensing that Germany will soon attack the USSR, Stalin appoints himself as
head of the government.
• Japan and the Soviet Union sign the Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact on 13 April,
removing the threat to the Soviets of invasion by Japan and allowing the Soviet
military to concentrate on the German forces mounting in the west.
• When Germany invades on 22 June, Stalin takes command of the Soviet forces,
appointing himself commissar of defense and supreme commander of the Soviet
Armed Forces in what comes to be know in the USSR as the 'Great Patriotic War'.
• On 3 July, Stalin makes a radio address to the nation. "Comrades, citizens, brothers,
and sisters, fighters of our army and navy," he says, "We must immediately put our
whole production to war footing. In all occupied territories partisan units must be
formed."
• He also announces that a "scorched earth" policy will be employed to deny the
Germans "a single engine, or a single railway truck, and not a pound of bread nor a
pint of oil."
• The Germans advance swiftly but are halted on 6 December by a Russian
counterattack just short of Moscow, where Stalin directs the Soviet campaign from
his rooms in the Kremlin. His armies fight under the slogan 'Die, But Do Not Retreat'.
• To the north, the Germans reach Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) in August. The
city is surrounded on 8 September, beginning a 900-day siege during which almost
1.5 million civilians and soldiers will die.
• In order to encourage military aid from the Western Allies, Stalin agrees to release
about 115,000 of the Poles imprisoned after the 1939 annexation.
• 1942, Stalin is again named 'Time' magazine's man of the year, this time for stopping
Hitler and opening the possibility of an Allied victory in Europe.

2

The Global Conflict: Axis Advances

• What early gains allowed the Axis powers to control much
of Europe?

• What were the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa?

• How did Japan respond to growing American involvement?

2

Early Axis Gains
By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of
Western Europe.

Germany and Russia conquered and divided Poland.
Stalin’s armies pushed into Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Soviet forces seized Finland.
Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark.
Hitler took the Netherlands and Belgium.
France surrendered to Hitler.
Axis armies pushed into North Africa and the Balkans.
Axis armies defeated Greece and Yugoslavia.
Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis alliance.

THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN OPERATION BARBAROSSA

In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation In 1941, Hitler embarked on
Sea Lion, the invasion of Britain. Operation Barbarossa, the
conquest of the Soviet Union.
The Germans first bombed
military targets, then changed The Nazis smashed deep into
tactics to the blitz, or bombing, Russia, but were stalled before
of London and other cities. they could take Moscow and
Leningrad.
London did not break under the
blitz. The bombing only Thousands of German soldiers
strengthened British resolve to froze to death in Russia’s winter.
turn back the enemy. Russians also suffered appalling
hardships.
Operation Sea Lion was a failure.
Stalin urged Britain to open a
second front in Western Europe.

Benito Mussolini
was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist
Party and is credited with being one of the key
figures in the creation of Fascism. He became the
Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the
title Il Duce by 1925. After 1936, his official title was
"His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of
Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the
Empire". Mussolini also created and held the
supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire
along with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, which
gave him and the King joint supreme control over
the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power
until he was replaced in 1943; for a short period
after this until his death, he was the leader of the
Italian Social Republic.
Mussolini was among the founders of Italian
Fascism, which included elements of nationalism,
corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism,
social progress and anti-communism in combination
with censorship and state propaganda. In the years
following his creation of the fascist ideology,
Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a
wide variety of political figures.
http://youtu.be/4mF4ZjJ88wU

Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years
1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the taming of
the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, and
public transport. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by
concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and
the Holy See. He is also credited with securing economic success
in Italy's colonies and commercial dependencies. Although he
initially favored siding with France against Germany in the early
1930s, Mussolini became one of the main figures of the Axis
powers and, on 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into World War II
on the side of Axis.

Three years later, Mussolini was deposed at the Grand Council of
Fascism, prompted by the Allied invasion. Soon after his
incarceration began, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the
daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces.

Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic
in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April
1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape to
Switzerland, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed
near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to
Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public
viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise.

Haile Selassie, Ras Tafari
• In 1936, with the Italian conquest of Ethiopia,
Mussolini proclaimed Victor Emmanuel III to be
the Emperor of Ethiopia - a title considered
illegitimate by parts of the international
community, and lasted only five years.
• Haile Selassie returned to power with the British
conquest of the Italian East Africa during WWII.
• In January 1942 he was officially reinstated to
power in Ethiopia by the British government.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_ma3yBnD3P0&feature=related

The Second Italo–Abyssinian War/Second Italo-Ethiopian
War was a brief colonial war that started in October 1935 and ended in May
1936. The war was fought between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy
(Regno d'Italia) and the armed forces of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as
Abyssinia). The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its
annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa (AOI). However,
Ethiopia never capitulated or surrendered.

Politically, the war is best remembered for exposing the inherent weakness of the
League of Nations. The Abyssinia Crisis in 1934 is often seen as a clear example
of the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations. Both Italy and Ethiopia were
member nations and yet the League was unable to control Italy or to protect
Ethiopia when Italy clearly violated the League's own Article X. The war is also
remembered for the illegal use of mustard gas and phosgene by the Italian
armed forces.
The positive outcome of the war for the Italians coincided with the zenith of the
international popularity of dictator Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, in a phase
called "the age of consensus" during which foreign leaders, including Winston
Churchill, praised him for his achievements, it must not be ignored that during
the fascist period slavery was abolished in Ethiopia.

On 3 October 1935, Italian soldiers commanded by
General Emilio De Bono invaded Ethiopia from Eritrea
and started the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. The war
lasted seven months before Haile Selassie I went into
exile and the Italians declared victory. The invasion
was condemned by the League of Nations, Italy was
named as the aggressor, and some sanctions were
imposed. However, not much was ever done to end
hostilities. In May 1936, Ethiopia became part of Italian
East Africa and remained as part of the colony until
World War II.
In 1941, the Ethiopian Empire was liberated by a
combination of Ethiopian partisans and British and
Commonwealth forces. The major offensives launched
against the Italian colonial forces came from the Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan and from British East Africa. Haile
Selassie re-entered Addis Ababa five years to the day
from when he was forced into exile.
After World War II, Eritrea was incorporated into the
Ethiopian Empire. Eritrea remained a part of Ethiopia
International Fascism: even after the dissolution of the monarchy. In 1993,
The Italian Empire in 1939. Eritrea won its independence from Ethiopia.

3
Occupied Lands
While the Germans rampaged across Europe, the Japanese conquered
an empire in Asia and the Pacific. Each set out to build a “new order” in
the occupied lands.
• Hitler set up puppet governments in countries that were peopled
by “Aryans.” (like the Vichy government in France)
• Eastern Europeans were considered an inferior “race,” and were
thus shoved aside to provide “living space” for Germans. Seeking
“lebensraum” and “a place in the sun.”
• To the Nazis, occupied lands were an economic resource to be
looted and plundered.
• German leaders worked to accomplish the “final solution of the
Jewish problem” — the genocide, or deliberate murder, of all
European Jews.
• Japan’s self-proclaimed mission was to help Asians escape
imperial rule. In fact, its real goal was a Japanese empire in Asia.
• The Japanese treated conquered people with great brutality,
having no respect for those they defeated.

Cash/Carry and
Lend/Lease
• The US tried to maintain neutrality as the danger in Europe grew. To revise the strict principles
of neutrality, cash and carry and lend-lease acts will be introduced.
• The US response was divided after Italy took Ethiopia and Franco conquered Spain. Strong
isolationist forces controlled Congress (although most Congressmen did not favor extreme
isolationism) and passed a series of Neutrality laws. The laws, passed in 1939, taken together,
forbade Americans from sending arms or loans to countries engaged in wars (including civil
wars like Spain). Later, the law was changed so that Americans could sell arms on a "cash and
carry" basis--meaning that the country needed to pay for the arms in cash and needed to ship
it in their own ships. The object was to stop incidents like the sinking of American ships and
support for one side in any war that might break out so that America would not be tempted to
enter the war.
Once the Allies had lost too many ships to Nazi subs (by October of 1941), FDR upgraded the
plan to the Lend/Lease. We would loan any materiel that would "Further to promote the
defense of the United States, and for other purposes.". In a famous fireside chat, FDR
proposed, ”Suppose your neighbor’s house were on fire…would you lend him your garden hose
to put out the fire?” In short FDR convinced his listeners that to help England might actually be
to US benefit and keep us out of war. system by which the United States aided its World War II
allies with war materials, such as ammunition, tanks, airplanes, and trucks, and with food and
other raw materials. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had committed the United States in June
1940 to materially aiding the opponents of fascism, but, under existing U.S. law, Great Britain
had to pay for its growing arms purchases by leasing geographic locations for naval and
airbases around the globe.

The Battle
of Dunkirk
• The Battle of Dunkirk was a battle in the Second World War between the Allies and
Germany. A part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the
defense and evacuation of British and allied forces in Europe from 24 May to 4 June 1940.
• A series of Allied counter-attacks, including the Battle of Arras, failed to sever the German
spearhead, which reached the coast on 20 May, separating the British Expeditionary Force
(BEF) near Armentières, the French First Army, and the Belgian Army further to the north
from the majority of French troops south of the German penetration. After reaching the
Channel, the Germans swung north along the coast, threatening to capture the ports and
trap the British and French forces before they could evacuate to Britain.
• "Nothing but a miracle can save the BEF now," wrote General Brooke in his diary. And
General Lord Gort told Anthony Eden, the British Secretary of State for War: "I must not
conceal from you that a great part of the BEF and its equipment will inevitably be lost even
in the best circumstances." On 23 May, he put the army on half-rations. In Britain, 26 May
was designated a "Day of National Prayer" for the Army.
• In one of the most widely-debated decisions of the war, Adolf Hitler ordered his generals to
halt for three days, in a successful effort to maintain control over them, giving the Allies time
to organize an evacuation and build a defensive line. Despite the Allies' gloomy estimates of
the situation, in the end, over 330,000 Allied troops were rescued.

Dunkirk,
1940,
26 May to
3 June

The Miracle of Dunkirk
• What happened at Dunkirk in May and June 1940 must rank as one of the
greatest maritime evacuations in history.
• Told from the perspective of the decision makers and the soldiers, sailors
and civilians caught up in the events of those desperate days, this factual
drama follows the race against time to save the Allied armies trapped in
France.
• As British and French troops were forced into a shrinking pocket by the
relentless onslaught of the German army, the Royal and Merchant navies,
helped by a fleet of small civilian craft, launched a momentous effort to
rescue them - and miraculously managed to save more than 338,000 men
in just ten days.

The Fall of France, 1940
• Hitler unleashes his blitzkrieg invasion of the Low Countries and France with a fury on
May 10, 1940. Within three weeks, a large part of the British force, accompanied by
some of the French defenders, is pushed to the English Channel and compelled to
abandon the continent at Dunkirk.
• The German advance continues to sweep southward driving before it not only the
retreating French army, but an estimated 10 million refugees fleeing for their lives.
The French abandon Paris, declaring it an open city. This allows the Germans to
enter the French capital on June 14 without resistance.
• The French government calls on the Germans for an armistice that will end the
fighting. Hitler dictates that the French capitulation take place at Compiegne, a
forest north of Paris. This is the same spot where twenty-two years earlier
the Germans had signed the Armistice ending World War I. Hitler intends
to disgrace the French and avenge the German defeat. To further deepen
the humiliation, he orders that the signing ceremony take place in the
same railroad car that hosted the earlier surrender.
• The Armistice is signed on June 22. Under its terms, two thirds of France is to be
occupied by the Germans. The French army is to be disbanded. The Nazis set up a
puppet government in Vichy. In addition, France must bear the cost of the German
invasion.

Hitler’s Silly Dance and a bit of Propaganda
On June 21, 1940, Hitler accepted the surrender of the French government
at a ceremony in Compiegne, France. Hitler intends to disgrace the French
and avenge the German defeat. He melodramatically insisted on receiving
France's surrender in the same railroad car in which Germany had signed
the 1918 armistice that had ended World War One.
Following the war, it was revealed that
John Grierson, director of the Canadian
information and propaganda depart-
ments, had manufactured this film clip
after noticing that Hitler had raised his
leg rather high up while stepping
backwards. He realized that this
moment could be looped repeatedly to
create the appearance that Hitler was
jumping with joy.

Dear Eva,
Wish you
were here!
Love,
Adolph

The Nazis set up a
“puppet government”
in Vichy, France.

http://youtu.be/yrrcOB8yYUE
http://youtu.be/pICq35lQ5WY

Winston Churchill
• Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill

• (1874-1965), became one of the greatest statesmen
in world history. Churchill reached the height of his
fame as the heroic prime minister of the United
Kingdom during World War II. He offered his people
only "blood, toil, tears, and sweat" as they struggled
to keep their freedom. Churchill also was a noted
speaker, author, painter, soldier, and war reporter.
• Early in World War II, the United Kingdom stood
alone against Nazi Germany. The British people
refused to give in despite the tremendous odds
against them. Churchill's personal courage, the magic
of his words, and his faith in victory inspired the
British to "their finest hour."
• The mere sight of this stocky, determined man—a
cigar in his mouth and two fingers raised high in a "V
for victory" salute—cheered the people. Churchill
seemed to be John Bull, the symbol of the English
people, come to life.

“We shall defend our
island, whatever the cost
may be. We shall fight on
the beaches, we
shall fight on the landing
grounds, we shall fight in
the fields and in the
streets, we shall fight in
the hills; we shall never
surrender.”
—Excerpt from Winston Churchill’s address to the
House of Commons, June 4, 1940
Never in the field of human conflict
was so much owed by so many to
so few.

Never, never, never give up.

Children of
an eastern
suburb of
London,
made
homeless
by the Blitz.

The undamaged St Paul's Cathedral surrounded
by smoke and bombed-out buildings in December 1940.

Firefighters tackling a blaze amongst
Coventry city centre following 14/15 ruined buildings in London after an
November 1940 raid. air raid during The Blitz in 1941.

Sink the Bismarck!
• The German battleship Bismarck was one of the most famous warships of
the Second World War. The lead ship of her class, named after the 19th
century German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Bismarck displaced more
than 50,000 tonnes fully loaded and was the largest warship then
commissioned.
• Bismarck only took part in one operation during her brief career. She and
the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen left Gotenhafen on the morning of 19 May
1941 for Operation Rheinübung, during which she was to have attempted
to intercept and destroy convoys in transit between North America and
Great Britain. When Bismarck and Prinz Eugen attempted to break out
into the Atlantic, the two ships were discovered by the Royal Navy and
brought to battle in the Denmark Strait. During the short engagement,
the British battlecruiser HMS Hood, flagship of the Home Fleet and pride
of the Royal Navy, was sunk after several minutes of firing. In response,
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill issued the order to "Sink the
Bismarck," spurring a relentless pursuit by the Royal Navy.

Two days later, with
Bismarck almost in reach of
safer waters, Fleet Air Arm
Swordfish biplanes launched
from the carrier HMS Ark
Royal torpedoed the ship
and jammed her rudder,
allowing heavy British units
to catch up with her.

In the ensuing battle on the morning of 27 May
1941, Bismarck was heavily attacked for almost
two hours before sinking.

• The British had learned from Ultra intelligence (deciphered
Enigma code messages) about German air surveillance of
the Denmark Strait and the Royal Navy's home base at
Scapa Flow, as well as the April 1941 delivery of charts for
the Atlantic to the Bismarck.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1Ufc2hI4FM&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EdngnDdjCo

Sink the Bismarck The Hood found the Bismarck and on that fatal day
The Bismarck started firing fifteen miles away
We gotta sink the Bismarck was the battle sound
But when the smoke had cleared away the mighty Hood
In May of 1941 the war had just begun went down
The Germans had the biggest ship that had the For six long days and weary nights they tried to find her
trail
biggest guns Churchill told the people put every ship asail
The Bismarck was the fastest ship that ever sailed Cause somewhere on that ocean I know she's gotta be
the sea We gotta sink the Bismarck to the bottom of the sea
We'll find the German battleship...
On her decks were guns as big as steers and shells The fog was gone the seventh day and they saw the
as big as trees morning sun
Out of the cold and foggy night came the British Ten hours away from homeland the Bismarck made its
run
ship the Hood The Admiral of the British fleet said turn those bows
And every British seaman he knew and understood around
They had to sink the Bismarck the terror of the sea We found that German battleship and we're gonna cut
her down
Stop those guns as big as steers and those shells as The British guns were aimed and the shells were coming
big as trees fast
We'll find the German battleship that's makin' such The first shell hit the Bismarck they knew she couldn't
last
a fuss That mighty German battleship is just a memory
We gotta sink the Bismarck cause the world Sink the Bismarck was the battle cry that shook the
depends on us seven seas
We found the German battleship t'was makin' such a
Yeah hit the decks a runnin' boys and spin those fuss
guns around We had to sink the Bismarck cause the world depends
When we find the Bismarck we gotta cut her down on us
We hit the deck a runnin' and we spun those guns
around
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1Ufc2hI4FM&feature=related Bismarck and then we cut her
Yeah we found the mighty
down
We found the German battleship...

2

Operation Sea Lion referred to Hitler’s
planned invasion of
a) Russia.
b) Britain.
c) France.
d) Poland.
When the war began in 1939, the United
States
a) immediately sided with Allies.
b) joined the Axis powers.
c) declared war on Germany.
d) declared neutrality.

2

Operation Sea Lion referred to Hitler’s planned
invasion of
a) Russia.
b) Britain.
c) France.
d) Poland.

When the war began in 1939, the United States
a) immediately sided with Allies.
b) joined the Axis powers.
c) declared war on Germany.
d) declared neutrality.

Norman Rockwell’s
Art
in The Saturday
Evening Post
The Four Freedoms
1941

1. Freedom of Speech
2. Freedom of Religion
3. Freedom from Want
4. Freedom from Fear

2

Growing American Involvement
When the war began in 1939, the United States declared its
neutrality.
Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President to
supply arms to those who were fighting for democracy.
Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which called for
the “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.”
Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.
To stop Japanese aggression, the United States banned the sale of
war materials to Japan.
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
The United States declared war on Japan.
Germany and Italy, as Japan’s allies, declared war on the United
States.

4

Toward Victory

• How was the Pacific war fought?
• How did the Allies defeat Nazi Germany?
• What debates surrounded the defeat of Japan?

Plato told
—e.e. Cummings
plato told
him:he couldn't not)you
believe it(jesus told him:i told
him;we told him
told him;he (he didn't believe
wouldn't believe
it)lao it,no
sir)it took
tsze a nipponized bit of
certainly told the old sixth
him,and general avenue
(yes
mam) el;in the top of his
sherman; head:to tell
and even him
(believe it
or

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3XLdfVY2p4&feature=fvw

Pearl Harbor
• Dec. 7, 1941—at five minutes to eight o'clock, 183 Japanese warplanes ruined a perfectly fine Sunday
morning on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. The first attack wave had reached the U.S. Pacific Fleet
stationed at Oahu's Pearl Harbor and for all intents and purposes, World War II began for the United
States.
Although the U.S. military forces in Pearl Harbor had been recently strengthened, the base was not at
a state of high alert. Many people were just waking when the first bombs were dropped. No one was
prepared to do battle.
Japanese aircraft had flown 230 miles from the north, originating from an attack force comprising six
aircraft carriers and 423 planes.
•
The assault was the complete surprise the Japanese wanted, even though at 7:02 a.m., almost an
hour before the first wave of planes arrived, two Army radar men on Oahu's northern shore had
detected the attack approaching. They contacted a junior officer, who disregarded their reports,
assuming they had instead spotted American B-17 bombers expected in from the West Coast of the
U.S.
The first wave of Japanese planes, made up of 51 Val dive bombers, 50 high level bombers, 43 Zero
fighters and 40 Kate torpedo bombers, attacked when flight commander Mitsuo Fuchida gave the
now infamous battle cry "Tora! Tora! Tora!" ("Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!") The second wave arrived shortly
thereafter. Almost simultaneously, five Japanese "minisubs" began their attack from underwater, but
were able to do little damage.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZbWlbuDcYs&feature=fvw
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0NTXN3Wkro&feature=related

December 7, 1941 On the sleepy Sunday morning
of December 7, 1941, the military complex at
Pearl Harbor was suddenly jolted awake by a surprise
attack. Planes screamed down from the sky, dropping
bombs and torpedoes. Americans were shocked
and horrified by the attacks. How did Pearl Harbor
change the isolationist policies of the United States?

"A date which will live in infamy"
• Pearl Harbor, on the southern coast of Oahu, housed the bulk of the Pacific Fleet at the time
of the attack.
• Less than two hours later, 2,280 American servicemen and 68 civilians were dead, 1,109
were wounded, eight battleships were damaged and five sunk. Three light cruisers, three
destroyers, and three smaller boats were lost, along with 188 aircraft.
The biggest loss that day was the USS Arizona, on which 1,177 crewmen were killed when a
1,760 pound bomb smashed through her decks and ignited her forward ammo magazine
causing a terrible explosion. Fewer than nine minutes later she was underwater.

• Pearl Harbor was the principal but not sole target of the Japanese attack that day. Other
military installations on Oahu were hit. Hickam, Wheeler, and Bellows airfields, Ewa Marine
Corps Air Station, Kaneohe Bay Naval Air Station, and Schofield Barracks suffered varying
degrees of damage, with hundreds of planes destroyed on the ground and hundreds of men
killed or wounded.
• While the attack that day was a huge blow to the U.S. military presence in the Pacific, it was
not a total victory for the Japanese. Not only were the attack's biggest targets, the American
aircraft carriers, out of port at the time and therefore saved, but the attack galvanized the
nation's support for involvement in the war, ultimately contributing to the defeat of the Axis
powers.
Today, 64 years later, more than 1.5 million people a year visit the memorial that floats over
the sunken Arizona to pay respects to the loss of life that occurred on what President
Franklin D. Roosevelt would call "a date which will live in infamy."

Doris Miller, known as "Dorie" to shipmates and friends, was born in
Waco, Texas, on 12
October 1919, to Henrietta and Conery Miller. He had three brothers,
one of which served in the Army during World War II. While
attending Moore High School in Waco, he was a
fullback on the football team. He worked on his father's farm before
enlisting in the U.S Navy as Mess Attendant, Third Class, at Dallas,
Texas, on 16 September 1939, to travel, and earn money for his
family. He later was commended by the Secretary of the Navy, was
advanced to Mess Attendant, Second Class and First Class, and
subsequently was promoted to Ship's Cook, Third Class. Doris Miller
Following training at the Naval Training Station, Norfolk, Virginia,
Miller was assigned to the ammunition ship USS Pyro (AE-1) where he
served as a Mess Attendant, and on 2 January 1940 was transferred
to USS West Virginia (BB-48), where he became the ship's
heavyweight boxing champion. In July of that year he had temporary
duty aboard USS Nevada (BB-36) at Secondary Battery Gunnery
School. He returned to West Virginia and on 3 August, and was
Captured Japanese pix
serving in that battleship when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor of Battleship Row while
on 7 December 1941. Miller had arisen at 6 a.m., and was collecting Hickam Field burns
laundry when the alarm for general quarters sounded. He headed for in the background
his battle station, the antiaircraft battery magazine amidship, only to
discover that torpedo damage had wrecked it, so he went on deck.
Because of his physical prowess, he was assigned to carry wounded
fellow Sailors to places of greater safety. Then an officer ordered him
to the bridge to aid the mortally wounded Captain of the ship. He
subsequently manned a 50 caliber Browning anti-aircraft machine
gun until he ran out of ammunition and was ordered to abandon
ship.

• He returned to West Virginia and was serving
in that battleship when the Japanese attacked
Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Miller had
arisen at 6 a.m., and was collecting laundry
when the alarm for general quarters sounded.
He headed for his battle station, the
antiaircraft battery magazine amidship, only to
discover that torpedo damage had wrecked it,
so he went on deck. Because of his physical During the attack, Japanese aircraft
prowess, he was assigned to carry wounded dropped two armored piercing bombs
fellow Sailors to places of greater safety. Then through the deck of the battleship and
an officer ordered him to the bridge to aid the launched five 18-inch aircraft
mortally wounded Captain of the ship. He torpedoes into her port side. Heavily
subsequently manned a 50 caliber Browning damaged by the ensuing explosions,
anti-aircraft machine gun until he ran out of and suffering from severe flooding
ammunition and was ordered to abandon ship. below decks, the crew abandoned ship
Miller described firing the machine gun during while West Virginia slowly settled to
the battle, a weapon which he had not been the harbor bottom. Of the 1,541 men
trained to operate: "It wasn't hard. I just pulled on West Virginia during the attack, 130
the trigger and she worked fine. I had watched were killed and 52 wounded.
the others with these guns. I guess I fired her Subsequently refloated, repaired, and
for about fifteen minutes. I think I got one of modernized, the battleship served in
those Jap planes. They were diving pretty close the Pacific theater through to the end
to us." of the war in August 1945.

• On 13 December 1941, Miller reported to USS Indianapolis (CA-35), and
subsequently returned to the west coast of the United States in November 1942.
Assigned to the newly constructed USS Liscome Bay (CVE-56) in the spring of 1943,
Miller was on board that escort carrier during Operation Galvanic, the seizure of
Makin and Tarawa Atolls in the Gilbert Islands. Liscome Bay's aircraft supported
operations ashore between 20-23 November 1943. At 5:10 a.m. on 24 November,
while cruising near Butaritari Island, a single torpedo from Japanese submarine I-
175 struck the escort carrier near the stern. The aircraft bomb magazine
detonated a few moments later, sinking the warship within minutes. Listed as
missing following the loss of that escort carrier, Miller was officially presumed
dead 25 November 1944, a year and a day after the loss of Liscome Bay. Only 272
Sailors survived the sinking of Liscome Bay, while 646 died.
•
Miller was commended by the Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox on 1 April 1942,
and on 27 May 1942 he received the Navy Cross, which Fleet Admiral (then
Admiral) Chester W. Nimitz, the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet personally
presented to Miller on board aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) for his
extraordinary courage in battle. Speaking of Miller, Nimitz remarked:
• This marks the first time in this conflict that such high tribute has been made in
the Pacific Fleet to a member of his race and I'm sure that the future will see
others similarly honored for brave acts.
• In addition to the Navy Cross, Miller was entitled to the Purple Heart Medal; the
American Defense Service Medal, Fleet Clasp; the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal;
and the World War II Victory Medal.

Bataan Death March

One of the earliest and most severe mistreatment of
prisoners of war became known to the world as the DEATH
MARCH. All troops, both Filipino and American, gathered
after the April 1942 surrender to the Japanese and then
were forced to march 65 miles under conditions that no
one believed could happen. "Along the way, numbers of
them were slaughtered by bayonet, sword, gun, truck,
whatever the Japs could use to kill. Many wounded were
buried alive, their moans smothered by hastily-shoveled
earth. There was no rhyme or reason to the killings. They
occurred as the fancy hit the individual Japanese soldier."

Daniel K. Inouye
• Senator Daniel K. Inouye was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on
September 7, 1924, and was named after a Methodist
minister who had adopted his mother. He was Nisei, or first
generation American born to Japanese parents. Young Dan
Inouye attended Honolulu public schools and earned pocket
money by parking cars at the old Honolulu Stadium and giving
haircuts to fellow students. Most of his earnings were spent
on a flock of homing pigeons, a postage stamp collection,
parts for crystal radio sets and chemistry sets.
• On December 7, 1941, the fateful day of the Japanese attack
on Pearl Harbor, 17-year-old Dan Inouye was one of the first
Americans to handle civilian casualties in the Pacific war. He
had taken medical aid training and was pressed into service as
head of a first-aid litter team. He saw a "lot of blood" and did
not go home for a week.
• In March 1943, 18-year-old Dan Inouye, then a freshman in
pre-medical studies at the University of Hawaii, enlisted in the
U.S. Army's 442nd Regimental Combat Team, the famed "Go
For Broke" regiment.

Daniel K. Inouye
• Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Inouye is a Nisei (second-generation)
Japanese-American and a son of Kame Imanaga and Hyotaro
Inouye. He grew up in the Bingham Tract, a Chinese-American
enclave within the predominantly Japanese-American
community of Mo'ili'ili in Honolulu.
• He was at the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941 as a medical
volunteer.
• Inouye as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army
“Go For • Medal of Honor
• In 1943, when the U.S. Army dropped its ban on Japanese-
Broke” Americans, Inouye curtailed his premedical studies at the
University of Hawaii and enlisted in the Army. He was assigned to
the Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team, which became the
most-highly decorated unit in the history of the Army. During the
World War II campaign in Europe he received the Bronze Star,
the Purple Heart, and the Distinguished Service Cross, which was
later upgraded, by President Clinton in June 2000, to the Medal
of Honor. “Go For Broke”

Doolittle's Raid Fact Sheet
• In the beginning of 1942, gloom was descending over the United States like a winter twilight.
• On all fronts, the United States and its allies were reeling from the blows of the Axis powers.
• In the Pacific, Japan had taken Malaya, Singapore, Java, Guam and Wake Island and was
threatening the lifeline with Australia.
On April 9, 1942, the "Battling Bastards of Bataan" in the Philippines finally laid down their
arms.
• In the Atlantic, German U-boats were sinking American ships within sight of the U.S. coast.
Britain was being strangled, and the German Wehrmacht was in the suburbs of Moscow.
• The Axis powers looked invincible.
• In the midst of these dark days burst the light of the Doolittle Raid on Japan.
• The U.S. Navy conceived the raid as a way to raise morale. It entailed launching Army twin-
engine bombers from the deck of an aircraft carrier to bomb selected cities in Japan. It was a
way to strike back. It was a way to demonstrate that no matter how bleak the future looked;
the United States would not give up. Leading the attack was Army Lt. Col. James H.
Doolittle.
• Jimmie Doolittle was an aviation pioneer and daredevil racer. He pioneered instrument
flying. He won the Schneider Race for the Army in 1925. He pushed for higher-octane
gasoline for aircraft in the 1930s.
This medal was
wired
to a 500-lb. bomb
for return to Japan
"with interest."

Doolittle's Raid
• Doolittle trained the volunteer crews to take off their B-25B Mitchell bombers in only 450
feet instead of the usual 1,200. The planes were loaded aboard the USS Hornet in March
1942.
• The plan was to launch the bombers within 400 miles of the Japanese coast. They would
then bomb their targets and continue to airfields in China. But Japanese picket boats
discovered the task force about 800 miles off the coast, and the Army planes were launched
immediately. The 16 bombers struck Tokyo, Kobe, Nagoya and Yokohama. Because of the
added distance, no plane was able to make the Chinese airfields.
• Most of the planes crash-landed in China with one plane landing in the Soviet Union. Of the
75 fliers who landed in China three died in accidents and the Japanese captured eight. The
rest returned to the United States.
• The raid inflicted little physical damage to Japan, but it gave a needed lift to morale in the
• United States. In Japan, the psychological damage of the attack was more important.
The Doolittle Raid convinced Adm. Isoruku Yamamoto, chief of the Japanese Combined
Fleet,
• that he had to extend Japan's defensive perimeter. He aimed the extension at Midway
Island.
If Japan held that strategic mid-Pacific atoll, no carrier task force could approach. The battle
• of Midway in June 1942, was a decisive victory for the United States.
• Many called Midway the turning point of the war in the Pacific.
• For his leadership of the raid, Jimmy Doolittle received the Medal of Honor.

Map of Doolittle’s 30 Seconds Over Tokyo

Japanese-American Intern
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aqmx2XhHxeY
• Japanese-American Internment was a World War II action
decided on by FDR and his advisers in February 1942,
following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, and carried out
under Executive Order 9066. Federal officials, fearing
groundlessly that Americans of Japanese ancestry might
cooperate with a West Coast invasion by Japan, forcibly
relocated over 100,000 Japanese-Americans, including U.S.
citizens, to internment camps inland and seized their
property. In 1944, the order was rescinded by Pres.
Truman and by 1945 the camps were closed. The Civil
Liberties Act of 1988 (under Reagan)provided
compensation of $20,000 each to the 60,000 surviving
internees.

A total of 110,000 persons of Japanese
ancestry (70,000 of whom were native-born
American citizens) were incarcerated and
forced into Concentration Camps. More than
2,200 ethnic Japanese in 13 Latin American
countries were taken from their homes and put
into camps as well.

Korematsu v. United
States
323 U.S. 214 (1944)
Docket Number: 22
Abstract
Argued:
October 11, 1944
Decided:
December 18, 1944
Facts of the Case
During World War II, Presidential Executive Order 9066 and congressional statutes gave
the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed
critical to national defense and potentially vulnerable to espionage. Korematsu
remained in San Leandro, California and violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of
the U.S. Army.
Question Presented
Did the President and Congress go beyond their war powers by implementing exclusion
and restricting the rights of Americans of Japanese descent?
Conclusion
The Court sided with the government and held that the need to protect against
espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights. Justice Black argued that compulsory
exclusion, though constitutionally suspect, is justified during circumstances of
"emergency and peril."

1941

Dec. 7 Japan bombed U.S. military bases at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.

Dec. 8 The United States, Great Britain, and Canada declared war on
Japan.
1942

Feb. 15 Singapore fell to the Japanese.

Feb. 26-28 Japan defeated an Allied naval force in the Battle of the Java Sea.

April 9 U.S. and Philippine troops on Bataan Peninsula surrendered.

April 18 U.S. bombers hit Tokyo in the Doolittle raid.

May 4-8 The Allies checked a Japanese assault in the Battle of the Coral
Sea.
June 4-6 The Allies defeated Japan in the Battle of Midway.

Aug. 7 U.S. marines landed on Guadalcanal.

1943
Nov. 20 U.S. forces invaded Tarawa.
1944
June 19-20 A U.S. naval force defeated the Japanese in the Battle of the Philippine
Sea.
July 18 Japan's Prime Minister Tojo resigned.
Oct. 20 The Allies began landing in the Philippines.
Oct. 23-26 The Allies defeated Japan's navy in the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the
Philippines.
1945
March 16 U.S. marines captured Iwo Jima.
June 21 Allied forces captured Okinawa.
Aug. 6 An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.
Aug. 8 The Soviet Union declared war on Japan.
Aug. 9 An atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.
Aug. 14 Japan agreed to surrender unconditionally.
Sept. 2 Japan signed surrender terms aboard the battleship U.S.S. Missouri in
Tokyo Bay.

Operation Torch
• The job that General Patton was talking about was Operation
Torch, which was the Allied invasion of North Africa that
began in the early hours of November 8, 1942. Plans of the
operation began in the spring and summer of 1942 between
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston
Churchill. The two leaders, however, disagreed on where the
operation would commence. Roosevelt, along with General
Eisenhower, wanted to open a "second front" to help relieve
the Russians who were bitterly defending their homeland
against the invading Germans on the Eastern front. Roosevelt
wanted a cross-channel invasion of northwest France and
strike quickly so as to avoid a long drawn out war with
Germany. Churchill, on the contrary, was opposed to a cross-
channel invasion because he felt the Germans were too
heavily fortified to make a cross-channel invasion successful.
Churchill proposed that the Allies take a less direct attack and
invade North Africa instead. This, Churchill thought, would put
pressure on Rommel and if successful in pushing him out,
North Africa would provide a solid base for the Allies to
invade southern Europe, possibly southern France or Italy.
• French Northwest Africa, not northwest France, would be the
locale of the Allied blow to relieve the pressure on the
Russian army. And so we land at Casablanca.

• The classic and much-loved romantic melodrama
Casablanca (1942), always found on top-ten lists of
films, is a masterful tale of two men vying for the
Casablanca
same woman's love in a love triangle. The story of
political and romantic espionage is set against the
backdrop of the wartime conflict between
democracy and totalitarianism. [The date given for
the film is often given as either 1942 and 1943.
• With rich and smoky atmosphere, anti-Nazi
propaganda, Max Steiner's superb musical score,
suspense, unforgettable characters (supposedly 34
nationalities are included in its cast) and
memorable lines of dialogue (e.g., "Here's lookin' at
you, kid," and the inaccurately-quoted "Play it
again, Sam"), it is one of the most popular, magical
(and flawless) films of all time - focused on the
themes of lost love, honor and duty, self-sacrifice
and romance within a chaotic world. Woody Allen's
Play It Again, Sam (1972) paid reverential homage
to the film, as have the lesser films Cabo Blanco
(1981) and Barb Wire (1996), and the animated
Bugs Bunny short Carrotblanca (1995).

• The sentimental story, originally structured as a one-set
play, was based on an unproduced play entitled Everybody <iframe width="425" height="349"
Comes to Rick's by Murray Burnett and Joan Alison - the src="http://www.youtube.com/embe
film's original title. Its collaborative screenplay was mainly d/EJvlGh_FgcI" frameborder="0"
the result of the efforts of Julius J. and Philip G. Epstein
and Howard Koch. allowfullscreen></iframe>

George Stevens,
director

• Stevens entered the U.S. Army in February 1943 and served as a
major in the Signal Corps. He first covered combat in the North
Africa campaign and then was stationed in England, where he shot
footage of the plans being made for the D-Day invasion, which he
covered from the deck of the HMS Belfast. He was then put in
charge of the Special Coverage Motion Picture Unit, which landed
in Europe after the invasion and covered, among other events, the
liberation of Paris, the freeing of prisoners at the Dachau
concentration camp, the taking of Hitler's Berchtesgaden
headquarters, and the meeting of American and Russian forces at
the Elbe River. He was demobilized in March 1946 with the rank of
Lieutenant Colonel, and returned to Hollywood.

It’s hard to find
camouflage pix—
if it is any good

North Africa with Rommel and the Afrika K

• German forces, under the
command of Rommel, met the
British forces, under the
command of General
Montgomery at El Alamein.
Montgomery had a two-to-
one advantage in tanks, and
was victorious. The victory in
El Alamain eliminated the
German threat to the Suez
Canal and the Middle East.

Panzer tank

The Desert Fox,
Erwin Rommel

Rommel was a German field marshal, was one of the most brilliant generals of
World War II. He led the Afrika Korps, and his clever tactics earned him the
nickname of The Desert Fox. But in 1942, he was stopped by British forces in
Egypt.
• In 1944, Rommel led some of the troops that opposed the Allied invasion of
Normandy. After he recognized the significance of the superiority of the Allied
air forces, he reported to Adolf Hitler that it was futile for Germany to continue
the war. He was implicated in the plot to kill Hitler in July 1944. Rommel was
given his choice of trial or poison. He chose death by poison.

General George Patton

• The controversial, bombastic, multi-dimensional World War II general and
hero George S. Patton. The larger-than-life, flamboyant, maverick,
pugnacious military figure, nicknamed "Old Blood and Guts," was well-
known for his fierce love of America, his temperamental battlefield
commanding, his arrogant power-lust ("I love it. God help me, I do love it
so. I love it more than my life"), his poetry writing, his slapping of a battle-
fatigued soldier, his anti-diplomatic criticism of the Soviet Union, and his
firing of pistols at fighter planes.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kh9S1Hk975U

Patton

• The 3rd Army was not used during Operation Overlord (the
invasion of France) but still served a useful purpose, since
Hitler and many members of the Abwehr (German military
intelligence) believed that Normandy could not be the
primary invasion site if Patton was not committed to the
battle. The German command, therefore, held back critical
Panzer divisions which could have opposed the landings.
Eisenhower, knowing Patton's value at exploiting an enemy's
weakness and driving through it, was holding Patton in
reserve to breakout from the beachhead.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJXKVOxqkWM

3

The Global Conflict: Allied Successes

• How did Germany and Japan treat people in occupied lands?

• How did the Allies turn the tide of war?

• How did the Red Army and the Allied invasion of France
undo German plans?

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