The document provides an overview of World War I and its aftermath from 1914-1919. It describes the major events that led to the outbreak of WWI, including rising nationalism, imperialism, and a system of opposing alliances. It then summarizes the key battles and events of the war itself on the Western and Eastern fronts, as well as the Russian Revolution and peace negotiations. New military technologies like airplanes, tanks, submarines and machine guns made WWI particularly deadly and resulted in a stalemate on the Western Front.

1. World War I and Its Aftermath (1914–1919)

2. Chapter 17: World War I and its Aftermath (1914–1919) Section 1: The Seeds of War Section 2: The Spark Section 3: The War Section 4: The Russian Revolution Section 5: Peace At Last

7. European Alliances, 1914 1

8. Standing Armies in Europe, 1914 1 Which power had the largest standing army ?

9. World War I Troop Strength and Casualties This map compares the size of the different armies in World War I with the number of wounded and dead among the major combatants in the war. The relatively light numbers of American dead and wounded reflect the late entry of the United States in the war. The major European participants suffered enormous losses. Twice as many men died in World War I as in all the significant wars from 1790 to 1913 combined. (Note that due to the scale of destruction, the estimated figures given here for Russians and Ottomans killed are probably low.)

12. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, far right, was shot to death on June 28, 1914, shortly after this photo was taken. His assassination triggered the outbreak of World War I.

14. Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1863-1914 General Information Family name: Hapsburg Heir to the Austrian Throne: Third in line to the throne at one point, he became heir through two untimely deaths. The first was of the Emperor's son, Crown Prince Rudolph, who killed himself (and his sixteen year old mistress) in 1889. The second was the death of his father, Archduke Charles Louis, in 1896. Now it was Franz Ferdinand that would be next in line for the Crown. Politics: Considered more flexible in matters of military and domestic affairs than his uncle Emperor Franz Josef, he was a reformist with new ideas to be put into practice when he ascended to the Hapsburg throne. One of these ideas was "trialism" - the reorganization of the dual monarchy into a triple monarchy by giving the Slavs an equal voice in the empire. This would put them on an equal footing with the Magyars and Germans living inside the Austro-Hungarian borders. These politics were in direct conflict with those of the Serbian nationalists.

17. Gavrilo Princip A 19 year old tubercular Bosnian Serb student . A member of Mlada Bosna ("Young Bosnia"), a movement dedicated to a Bosnia free of Hapsburg rule. He and his six fellow assassins were equipped with pistols and bombs by a Serbian terrorist organization known as the Black Hand. On 28-Jun-1914, he succeeded where his accomplices failed in assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Countess Sophia in Sarajevo. He attempted suicide at the scene, but the gun was knocked from his hand by an onlooker. His second attempt at suicide was by cyanide, but it made him retch and he vomited up the poison. He was taken into custody and made to stand trial. He was found guilty but, because of his age, spared the death penalty. He died in prison of tuberculosis in 1918. All in all, it seems he was treated fairly by the government he considered so tyrannical. Quotes "There is no need to carry me to another prison. My life is already ebbing away. I suggest that you nail me to a cross and burn me alive. My flaming body will be a torch to light my people on their path to freedom." Princip to the prison governor on being moved to another prison.

23. The Western Front German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris. Russia mobilized more quickly than expected. Germany shifted some troops to the east to confront Russia, weakening German forces in the west. British and French troops defeat Germany in the Battle of the Marne. The battle of the Marne pushed back the German offensive and destroyed Germany’s hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front. The result was a long, deadly stalemate, a deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other. Battle lines in France remained almost unchanged for four years. 3 The Allies included France, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia.

25. Europe at War, 1914–1918

28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCsldbh9hAY Top Ten Tanks- #4: WWI Tank

30. World War I Technology Modern weapons added greatly to the destructiveness of the war. A one- or two-seat propeller plane was equipped with a machine gun. At first the planes were used mainly for observation. Later, “flying aces” engaged in individual combat, though such “dogfights” had little effect on the war. A mounted gun that fired a rapid, continuous stream of bullets made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers. This helped create a stalemate by making it difficult to advance across no man’s land. These underwater ships, or U-boats, could launch torpedoes, or guided underwater bombs. Used by Germany to destroy Allied shipping, U-boat attacks helped bring the United States into the war. Airplane Automatic machine gun Submarine

39. Dirigibles and Zeppelins The Zeppelin men: (from left) Hugo Eckener, Count von Zeppelin, and Peter Strasser Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin died of pneumonia on 8-Mar-1917 at the age of seventy-eight. Peter Strasser, Chief of the Naval Airship Division and the driving force behind the German airship program, was aboard the height-climber L 70 when it was shot down over the English Channel on 5-Aug-1918. This event marked the end of the airship as a strategic bomber. Hugo Eckener would go on to lead Germany's postwar airship program.

40. How Did the War Become a Global Conflict? The Allies overran German colonies in Africa and Asia. The great powers turned to their own colonies for troops, laborers, and supplies. Japan, allied with Britain, tried to impose a protectorate on China. The Ottoman empire joined the Central Powers in 1914. Arab nationalists revolted against Ottoman rule. In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and helped crush Serbia. EASTERN EUROPE In August 1914, Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany. After Russia was defeated in the battle of Tannenburg, armies in the east fought on Russian soil. SOUTHERN EUROPE OUTSIDE EUROPE THE COLONIES 3

44. 1917 Feb. 1 Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. April 6 The United States declared war on Germany. June 24 American troops began landing in France. Dec. 15 Russia signed an armistice with Germany, ending the fighting on the Eastern Front. 1918 Jan. 8 President Woodrow Wilson announced his Fourteen Points as the basis for peace. March 3 Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. March 21 Germany launched the first of its final three offensives on the Western Front. Sept. 26 The Allies began their final offensive on the Western Front. Nov. 11 Germany signed an armistice ending World War I.

47. War In Air & At Sea Anthony Michael Michalski 165th Infantry, KIA John Rudolph Webb and Crew 301st Tank Battalion

48. The Art of War One water bottle for 40 men by G.P. Hoskins Gassed by John Singer Sargent

50. By all accounts, she was riding low in the water. What was she carrying? Supplies and shells? Schwieger's log and the testimony of several survivors shows categorically that he only fired one torpedo; but a larger, second explosion had occurred almost instantaneously, which was highly likely to have been attributable to a particular consignment of 5,000 live artillery shells in the hold . It was the second explosion, caused we think by the sympathetic detonation of these munitions, which was ultimately responsible for the ship's rapid demise.

51. Germany and Great Britain were at war. So were most of the other countries of Europe. The United States, wanting to remain neutral, had not yet entered World War I. But the Imperial Government of Kaiser Wilhelm II had issued a dire warning to American citizens: Stay out of the waters around the British Isles. Those waters included the Irish Sea. How many of the 1959 people on board the Lusitania on May 7, 1915 knew about Germany’s threat to sink non-military ships? Of those who knew, how many really believed that women and children would be treated like front-line soldiers of war?

52. "Torpedo coming on the starboard side!" The torpedo struck the ship with a sound which Turner later recalled was "like a heavy door being slammed shut." Almost instantaneously came a second, much larger explosion, which physically rocked the ship. A tall column of water and debris shot skyward, wrecking lifeboat No. 5 as it came back down. The clock on the bridge said 14.10. Watching events through his periscope, Kapitan-Leutnant Schwieger could not believe that so much havoc could have been wrought by just one torpedo. He noted in his log that "an unusually heavy detonation" had taken place and noted that a second explosion had also occurred which he put down to "boilers, coal or powder." He also noticed that the torpedo had hit the Lusitania further forward of where he had aimed it. Schwieger brought the periscope down and U-20 headed back to sea. On the bridge of the Lusitania , Captain Turner could see instantly that his ship was doomed. He gave the orders to abandon ship.

54. Captain William Turner As the stern of the ship settled back, the bridge was awash and the Captain was swept into the Irish Sea. He, unlike most others, survived.

55. Germany, however, was unapologetic. The government had issued its warning. Their actions were justified, they said, because they believed the ship carried arms that would have been used to kill Germans.

56. U boats would stalk the North Atlantic. Ships used the convoy system to protect cargoes. Surround the cargo vessels with circling military ships.

65. Propaganda  for the War Boards

66. George Creel’s propaganda W/ Herbert Hoover, Bernard Baruch, and Can Do McAdoo Meatless Mondays and Wheatless Wednesdays Liberty Pups and Liberty Cabbage. Victory Gardens daschund dog

68. Who put the fatal bullet into the Red Baron as he closed in on Canadian Wilfrid May along the Somme River on April 21, 1918? Theories abound. Various Allied gunners on the ground claimed to have shot the Baron down. To whom that honor truly belongs will likely never be known.

69. Campaign to Victory In 1917, The United States declared war on Germany. By 1918, about two million American soldiers had joined the Allies on the Western Front. The Germans launched a huge offensive, pushing the Allies back. The Allies launched a counteroffensive, driving German forces back across France and Germany. Germany sought an armistice, or agreement to end fighting, with the Allies. On November 11, 1918, the war ended. 4 “ LaFayette, we are here!”

72. On September 26th, Allied troops now took the offensive, under the command of General Foch. Thanks to the presence of a million American soldiers in France by this time, the Allies made slow, but steady, progress. The German high command warned that it could no longer ensure victory and, as the German army began mutinying, it sued for peace.

82. http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/Scott/SCh18.htm

91. At eleven o'clock on the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918, the war ends as Germany and Allies sign an Armistice. The Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference. David Lloyd-George-- from Britain Vittorio Orlando-- Italy Georges Clemenceau-- France and Woodrow Wilson-- United States

95. Casualties of World War I Deaths Wounded in Battle in Battle Allies France 1,357,800 4,266,000 British empire 908,371 2,090,212 Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 Italy 462,391 953,886 United States 50,585 205,690 Others 502,421 342,585 Central Powers Germany 1,808,546 4,247,143 Austria-Hungary 922,500 3,620,000 Ottoman empire 325,000 400,000 5

96. Countries Total Mobilized Killed & Died Wounded Prisoners & Missing Total Casualties Casualties % of Mobilized Allied Powers Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3 France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3 British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8 Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1 United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2 Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2 Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4 Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8 Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9 Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 17,000 11.7 Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3 Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0 Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3 Central Powers Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9 Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0 Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2 Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2 Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4 Grand Total 65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6

97. Central Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18 Germany 37,775,000,000 Austria-Hungary 20,622,960,000 Turkey 1,430,000,000 Bulgaria 815,200,000 Total of all Costs 60,643,160,000

98. American Lives Lost: Cause of Death Overseas Domestic Total Killed in Action 36,926 5 36,931 Died of Wounds 13,628 45 13,673 Died of Accident 2,557 1,946 4,503 Drowned 328 399 727 Committed Suicide 296 671 967 Murdered 159 159 318 Executed 11 25 36 Other Deaths 131 190 321 Total 54,036 3,440 57,476

101. Europe in 1914 and 1920 5 1914

102. Europe in 1914 and 1920 5 1920

103. 1920 1914

105. World War I: Cause and Effect Imperialist and economic rivalries among European powers European alliance system Militarism and arms race Nationalist tensions in Balkans Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Fighting in the Balkans Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand German invasion of Belgium Enormous cost in lives and money Russian Revolution Creation of new nations in Eastern Europe Requirement that Germany pay reparations German loss of its overseas colonies Balfour Declaration League of Nations Economic impact of war debts on Europe Emergence of United States and Japan as important powers Growth of nationalism in colonies Rise of fascism World War II Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects 5

114. Far from the deadliest epidemic. The Bubonic Plague. Just mention the name and you will send shivers down the spine of many people. There is no doubt that this disease was deadly. Deadly and gruesome to watch. The death rate was 90% for those exposed to the bacterium. It was transmitted by the fleas from infected Old English black rats. The symptoms were clear: swollen lymph nodes (buboes, hence the name), high fever, and delirium. In the worst case, the lungs became infected and the pneumonic form was spread from person to person by coughing, sneezing, or simply talking. From the time of infection to death was less than one week. There were three major epidemics - in the 6th, 14th, and 17th centuries. The death toll was 137 million victims. As a result, the plague is considered to be the worst epidemic of all time, but it wasn't (not that we are downplaying the severity of the plague). At its worst, the bubonic plague killed 2 million victims a year. This is certainly a bad situation, but there is one that is worse.

131. Revolution in Russia (1917–1939)

132. Revolution in Russia (1917–1939) Section 1: Two Revolutions in Russia Section 2: From Lenin to Stalin Section 3: Life in a Totalitarian State

138. Turning Points in Russia, 1914–1921 2 1914 August World War I