1. ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES WEST OF ASWAN, EGYPT, USING ALOS/PALSAR POLARIMETRIC INFORMATION Ahmed Gaber ( أحمد جابر ) *, Magaly Koch **, Motoyuki Sato * * Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan **Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada [email_address]

3. © Freeman et. al., 2007 Radar Penetration Capability in the Desert Areas Research Background IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada

4. IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada Research Background © Freeman et. al., 2007

7. Description of the Test Site IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada ALOS/AVNIR-2 Barqa Hill Nile River

8. Radar Polarization Transformation of ALOS/PALSAR IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada © E. Pottier – J.S. Lee (2011)

9. Radar Polarization Transformation of ALOS/PALSAR IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada © E. Pottier – J.S. Lee (2011)

10. Radar Polarization Transformation of ALOS/PALSAR Orientation angle : ψ˚ Elipticity angle: χ˚ ALOS/PALSAR (HH, HV, VH, VV) IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada |SLL-SRR| |SLR+SRL| |SLL+SRR| |SHH-SVV| |SHV+SVH| |SHH+SVV| |S11-S22| |S12+S21| |S11+S22| |S11-S22| |S12+S21| |S11+S22| Linear Basis ( ψ =45° & χ =0°) Elliptical Basis ( ψ =45° & χ =23°) Circular Basis ( ψ =0° & χ =45°) Elliptical Basis ( ψ =135° & χ =34°) |S11-S22| |S12+S21| |S11+S22| Elliptical Basis ( ψ =45° & χ =11°) |S11-S22| |S12+S21| |S11+S22|

11. Radar Polarization Transformation of ALOS/PALSAR Orientation angle : ψ˚ Elipticity angle: χ˚ ALOS/PALSAR (HH, HV, VH, VV) AVNIR-2 IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada

12. Radar Polarization Filtering Optimal Polarization Contrast Enhancement (O.P.C.E) method (Kostinski, and Boerner, 1987) IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada Buried fractures Surrounding the fractures

13. Radar Polarization Filtering The Proper Polarization State of Buried Fracture Imaging iteration = 8 Final Contrast = 2.153422e+000 Optimal Transmit Polarization g0 = 1.000000e+000 g1 = 9.928611e-001 g2 = 1.098681e-002 g3 = 1.187688e-001 Optimal Receive Polarization h0 = 1.000000e+000 h1 = -9.832537e-001 h2 = -1.133955e-001 h3 = 1.426660e-001 Initial Contrast = 1.047321e+000 Buried fractures (S vv ) and surrounding (S hh ) IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada

14. Radar Polarization Filtering Polarization filtering effect: (a) before, and (b) after applying the O.P.C.E IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada

15. Preliminary results (a) ALOS/AVNIR-2, and (b) ALOS/PALSAR processed image 10 km 10 km (a) (b) IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada Ephemeral river Ephemeral river Barqa Hill Barqa Hill

17. Field Validation ε r = 3.04 The low moisture content and low RMS height are providing good conditions for RADAR to penetrate relatively deep The average h RMS = 0.01 cm IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada Soil moisture with values 0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and the maximum value is 1.7%

19. IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada ALOS/PALSAR A A ’ B B ’ C C ’

20. Application point of view Extracted faults from (a) official geologic map, (b) processed ALOS/PALSAR data and (c) density map of highly fractured areas (brown color) IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada

21. Application point of view SRTM-DEM, drainage patterns and watersheds surrounding Kom Umbo basin IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada

23. IGARSS 2011, 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada

25. IGARSS 2011 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada Field Photographs;

26. IGARSS 2011 24-29 July, Vancouver, Canada Field Validation 2) Measuring the surface roughness using the Pinemeter The average h RMS was 0.01 cm across all sites, with a maximum of 0.2 cm (almost flat)

27. Hill shaded relief image has been generated from the SRTM Kom Umbo

28. Geologic map of Aswan (2005)